Joshua Sapan
Analyst · Evercore Partners
Sure. On the sort of larger question, I'm not sure that there's an absolute answer to it. There is, no question, a trend toward increased tension between MVPDs and programmers that is caused by, I think, increased cost on the MVPD side and video margin pressure. And on the programmers' side, an increased competitive framework, one against the other, and the sort of need are imperative to invest in more content in order to compete effectively. And so it's driving a fair amount of tension. Exactly where it goes, I think, is hard to know. I would point out one, I think, encouraging note as it relates to, if you want to call it, harmony, which is I do think that there's a greater recognition of the benefit and health of the paid, as it's often called, ecosystem that everyone lives in, with somewhere north of 90 million homes in the United States paying for a bundle of TV, video. And the policies on behalf of the programmers that allow what is commonly now called authentication or TV affiliate rights to be captured within that paid system, which, I think, is a recent trend that's picking up steam. It's something that we are participating in. And I think it signals against the backdrop of these sort of flareups. It does signal a recognition of the value of the system and actually, a fundamental piece of cooperation that's occurring. It's actually pretty profound, I think. So I think that, that's a very good sign.