All sites on hold. We do appreciate your patience in holding and ask that you please continue to stand by. We should be getting started in approximately two more minutes. Thanks again, everyone. Please stand by. We're about to begin. Good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to the Arcturus Therapeutics Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, you will have the opportunity to ask questions during the question and answer session. Also, today's call is being recorded. And if you should need any operator assistance during the call today, please press 0 at any time. Now at this time, I'd like to turn things over to Neda Safarzadeh, Vice President, Head of Investor Relations, Public Relations, and Marketing. Please go ahead, ma'am.

Thank you, operator. Good afternoon, and welcome to Arcturus Therapeutics Quarterly Financial Update and Pipeline Progress Call. Today's call will be led by Joseph E. Payne, our President and CEO, and Andrew H. Sassine, our CFO. Dr. Padmanabh Chivukula, our CSO and COO, will join them for the Q&A session. Before we begin, I would like to remind everyone that the statements made during this call regarding matters that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that may cause actual results, performance, and achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the statement. Please see the forward-looking statement disclaimer on the company's press release issued earlier today, as well as the risk factors section in our most recent Form 10-K and in subsequent filings with the SEC. In addition, any forward-looking statements represent our views only as of the date such statements are made. Arcturus specifically disclaims any obligation to update such statements. And with that, I will now turn the call over to Joseph E. Payne.

Thank you, Neda. It's good to be with you again, everybody. I will begin today with an update on our ARCT032 program. This is our messenger RNA therapeutic candidate for cystic fibrosis, or CF. ARCT032 utilizes Arcturus' LUNAR lipid-mediated aerosolized platform to deliver CFTR messenger RNA to the lungs. Expression of a functional copy of the CFTR mRNA in the lungs of people with CF has the potential to restore CFTR activity and mitigate the downstream effects that cause progressive lung disease. In October, the company announced interim data from its ongoing Phase II clinical trial of ARCT032. Treatment with inhaled ten milligram doses daily over twenty-eight days in six class one CF adults was generally safe and well tolerated. A protocol pre-specified analysis of high-resolution computed tomography lung scans, or HRCT lung scans, using FDA 510(k) cleared AI technology revealed reductions in mucus burden in four of the six class one CF participants in our second cohort. The ongoing third cohort is enrolling up to six subjects to assess the safety and tolerability of the fifteen milligram dose daily over twenty-eight days and the impact on the efficacy endpoints. The company intends to evaluate daily dosing of ARCT032 over a twelve-week duration in up to 20 CF participants. Safety and preliminary efficacy data will be collected in this study, which is planned to begin in 2026 after the third cohort top-line data is understood.

Two weeks ago, I, along with our team, had the privilege of attending the North American Cystic Fibrosis Conference in Seattle. It was great to meet with the CF Foundation leadership team and share our enthusiasm for the class one population based on our encouraging data. I met with the physicians and principal investigators involved in our ongoing clinical trials and was very pleased to hear their anecdotes, positivity, and encouragement. I enjoyed meeting with multiple CT scan experts and felt their passion as they described the present and future importance of HRCT imaging data in lung disease trials. I affirmed my appreciation of the significant unmet medical need represented by class one CF and other CFTR modulator nonresponders here in the United States. There is an even higher prevalence of people with class one CF in countries outside the US, especially in Europe, India, the Middle East, and Israel. All in all, the conversations with the CF Foundation, people with class one CF, their physicians, investigators, CT scan experts, and global CF representatives reinforced Arcturus' commitment to advance ARCT032 further into development. The safety and tolerability profile data, along with the before and after treatment HRCT scan images showing mucus plug reduction, were well received by the CF community. We look forward to collecting additional and potentially meaningful clinical data in 2026 for our CF program. Moving on to the ARCT810 program, this is our messenger RNA therapeutic candidate for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, or OTC deficiency. With positive interim phase two data in hand, the company is diligently preparing for meetings with regulatory agencies in 2026 to discuss pivotal trial strategy for both pediatric and adult populations. Understanding what the FDA requires for ARCT810's path to approval is the next key milestone for this program. We aim to provide…

Thank you, Joe, and good afternoon, everyone. The press release issued earlier today includes financial statements for 2025 and provides a summary and analysis of year-over-year performance. Please also reference our most recent Form 10-Q for more details on the financial performance. The Costave BLA filing has been delayed indefinitely due to the sudden regulatory changes by the FDA. Combined with uncertain commercial visibility for Costave in the United States, we have decided to reduce additional expenses to extend the runway for the cystic fibrosis and OTC program. The company expects continued support from CSL to commercialize Costave in Asia and Europe and will provide additional detail on our year-end call in March. Revenues for the three and nine months ended 09/30/2025 were $17.2 million and $74.8 million, respectively, representing a decrease of $24.5 million and $54.7 million compared to the same period in 2024. These declines were primarily driven by reduced revenues from the CSL collaboration reflecting lower supply agreement activity and lower amortization of the upfront payment as Costave became a commercial product. Total operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2025, were $33.7 million compared with $52.4 million for the three months ended 09/30/2024. Total operating expenses for the nine months ended 09/30/2025 were $119.8 million compared with $191.8 million in the prior year.

R&D expenses were $23.3 million for the three months ended 09/30/2025 compared with $39.1 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by lower manufacturing costs for the COVID, flu, and CF program, as well as reduced clinical trial expenses for COVID and cystic fibrosis. Lower payroll and employee benefits further contributed to the decrease. R&D expenses were $87.7 million for the nine months ended 09/30/2025, compared with $151.4 million in the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by lower manufacturing and clinical costs related to the COVID program reflecting the program's transition from a development program to the commercial phase. Additional decreases were attributable to lower manufacturing costs for the cystic fibrosis and flu program. These reductions were partially offset by higher clinical costs for Phase II of the cystic fibrosis program. Payroll and benefits expenses also decreased primarily due to lower stock-based compensation expense. G&A expenses were $10.4 million and $32.1 million for the three and nine months ended 09/30/2025, compared with $13.3 million and $40.4 million in the comparable period last year. The decreases in both periods were primarily due to reduced share-based compensation expense as well as reduced payroll and benefits. We expect general and administrative expenses to continue to decrease slightly in fiscal year 2026. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, Arcturus reported a net loss of approximately $13.5 million or $0.49 per diluted share, compared with a net loss of $6.9 million or $0.26 per diluted share in the three months ended 09/30/2024. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $237.3 million as of 09/30/2025 and $293.9 million on 12/31/2024. Based on the additional planned cost reductions in Q4 and the delay in the phase three cystic fibrosis clinical trial commencement, the cash runway remains extended into 2028. More details regarding our cost reduction and runway will be provided on our year-end call in March. In summary, the company remains in a strong financial position and has the cash runway needed to achieve multiple near-term value-creating milestones for both therapeutic programs. I will now pass the call back to Joe.

Arcturus continues to make progress across our mRNA therapeutics and vaccine pipeline. We look forward to initiating the planned twelve-week CF study for ARCT032 in 2026 and engaging regulatory agencies regarding the pivotal trial designs for ARCT810. With that, let's turn the time over to the operator for questions.

Thank you, Mr. Payne. Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, if you do have any questions, please press 1. And if you find your question has been addressed, you can always remove yourself from the queue by pressing 2. Again, 1 for questions. We'll go first this afternoon to Yasmeen Rahimi of Piper Sandler.

Good afternoon, team. Thank you for the update. I guess the first question is, given this data, have you been able to do some PKPD modeling to help us understand the sort of expectations as you are initiating the third dose cohort and what do you hope to gain and how we should be thinking about that? That's sort of question one. And then question two is, as you are preparing for the meeting with the agency to discuss your OTC pivotal program, what are sort of some of the optionalities of sort of base case, best case, both in development for the pediatric population as well as development in the adult population.

Thank you so much, and I'll jump back in the queue. Hey. Thanks, Yasmeen. It's good to hear from you. With respect to PKPD modeling, the third cohort, which is being evaluated at a dose level of fifteen milligrams, is being conducted in a very similar manner to the first two cohorts at five and ten milligrams respectively. So all of the activities with respect to data collection are going to be in line with the first two cohorts. With respect to the fourth cohort, or, I guess, you would say this planned twelve-week safety and preliminary efficacy study, this is an expanded study. So in addition, from extending the duration of the study from four weeks to twelve weeks, we're also increasing the population up to 20. But a large amount of the data that's being collected is very similar to what we're doing in the first three cohorts. There are some noted differences that we're intending to conduct this trial under. First of all, we're going to be adding an extra screening visit to establish a more stable FEV1 baseline. We're also going to be, of course, looking at the high-res CT scan before the study, but at twelve weeks this time instead of at four weeks. So we'll allow those two additional months to occur before we take an imaging scan. We're also going to be looking at adding questions to the questionnaire. There's what's called an EQ-5D-5L general health questionnaire where we're going to be looking at mobility and self-care and usual activities, pain and discomfort, anxiety, depression. We're going to be adding this general health questionnaire to the standard validated CFQR questionnaire that people are familiar with in CF. But with respect to PK and PD markers, it'll be very similar to the first three…

Thanks, Joe.

Thank you. We'll go next now to Myles Minter of William Blair.

Hi. This is Jake on for Myles. Thanks for taking my question. Just reflecting back on the imaging data you showed for CF, do you expect that the improvements you see in mucus over time, especially in that twelve-week study, will be bronchial or alveolar specific as you sort of showed in that initial dataset? And is that what you saw in the mucus burden from the ferret model preclinically? And then just wanted to also check in on Costave and see if you've updated your guidance as to when you're going to start realizing revenue from that program.

Thanks. Okay. So first the first question is, with respect to mucus plug reduction, one of the key observations that we've observed and is familiar with the field is mucus plugs form in the smaller airways. Right? So as you resolve that, you measure smaller changes in airway improvement. FEV, on the other hand, is mainly a measure of larger airways. So they're complementary, but they do not measure the same thing. And given enough time, we believe that both of these will improve. And so that's one of the purposes of the twelve-week study. Before I move on to the Costave commercial question, did I address your question, Jake?

I guess I wanted to know whether you expect those mucus reductions to occur across the entirety of the lung or whether a specific bronchial or specific alveoli are going to be resolved given that's you sort of boxed specific bronchioles in your presentation. Yeah. Denoting that because potentially LNPs are directed there primarily, that's where you're going to see an effect. I just wanted to know that and whether you also saw sort of bronchial specific reductions in the lungs of the ferrets when you dosed those.

No. Great question. So first of all, with respect to the data that we collected in the images, you do see in the lower register the lower lobes that they are first to resolve and show a reduction of mucus plugs. And that's simply because this is an inhaled therapeutic. We've talked to now several pulmonologists that view this as a confirmation that we see first the lower register, the lower lobes being addressed simply because this is an inhaled therapeutic. We expect over time that the effect will continue to improve, and that's one of the primary purposes of the twelve-week study is through an extended duration that will continue to address not only the lower lobes but the upper lobes as well. With respect to your question about ferrets, this is a different lung type entirely. They're not a vertical animal. So gravity is not and this was an injected process. This wasn't a traditional inhaled therapeutic like the humans experience. So we didn't expect to see a similar dataset. And we didn't do CT scans in these ferrets as well. We analyzed the data separately through mucociliary clearance. Now with respect to the second question on Costave guidance, Andy, do you want to provide, you know, maybe an answer there?

Yeah. Thank you for the question. Typically, we do not provide guidance with respect to, you know, Costave commercial revenue. And as of the last comment that came in the press release that came from Meiji, they did order about a million one doses for the fourth quarter. And that was delivered to them in October, November. So they're in the process of selling those doses in Japan. We don't really have an update subsequent to that. But probably look for an update sometime at the end of the year call in next March. Hope that helps.

Thank you very much.

Thanks, Jake.

We'll go next now to Seamus Fernandez with Guggenheim.

Hi, guys. Thanks for the question. This is Evan Wang on for Seamus. Just two questions on cystic fibrosis. With the upcoming fifteen mg dose, can you just talk through about the metrics that will drive the go/no-go decision? It's ten or fifteen mg in the subsequent phase two. Whether it's FEV1, CT scan, or both, and what specifically you might be looking for. And then with the subsequent twelve-week study, curious what you define as success then with longer treatment in terms of either FEV1 or high-res CT we think about data relative to the interim data we've shown so far? Thanks.

Yeah. Thanks, Evan. With respect to the fifteen milligram cohort, we want to gain additional confidence in the dose response. If we did not see any mucus plug reduction at five milligrams, yet we saw four out of six in the second cohort at ten milligrams exhibit mucus plug reduction. So one of the things we're looking for at fifteen milligrams is is there a continued or elevated response, and is that a dose response? But the most important dataset that we're collecting from this third cohort is really safety and tolerability. If it's well tolerated, then I think we have our dose that we will select for this twelve-week study coming up. The first half of next year. With respect to what we would define as success is if we see continued or further reduction of mucus plugs and that translates into additional benefits, that can be either imaged or experienced in terms of lung function improvements, then that would be fantastic. Given that this is a first-in-line therapy for a considerable unmet medical need in class one subjects and modulator nonresponders. So anything positive for FEV would be viewed positively. If we see an improvement with extended duration or elevated dosing in this twelve-week study with respect to the mucus plug reduction and mucus burden being decreased, that would be also very promising to encourage the board and our company to advance this into a phase three trial.

Thanks. And if I could ask one follow-up. Just curious in terms of the CT scan when you get bugs, what mentions you as clinically meaningful and what in terms of some of the regulatory discussions you've had, especially as they approach to include CT scan as an exploratory endpoint. What they might view as potentially approvable endpoint or whether focus would be on FEV1. Thanks.

Well, we'll be the first company in CF to establish that. That's one of the key tasks at hand here as a group. As we share this data with the FDA, we need to determine what's clinically meaningful. What do we know now is that the more optimized mature modulators out there after a year of treatment, you can see near complete resolution of mucus plugs. And at an interim time point, you'll see not a complete resolution of mucus plugs. Unfortunately, we're the first company in therapeutic to evaluate CT scan measurements after only twenty-eight days of treatment. So the fact that we saw some of these subjects responding 30, 40% mucus reduction after just twenty-eight days is encouraging. But the question you asked is what is meaningful? I think we're already in that phase of a meaningful reduction. We just now need to extend treatment to see if that translates into other benefits and lung function improvements over an extended term. But the specific number, we're not prepared to share right now. No one is. That is something that we can discuss at a later time with the agency.

Great. Thank you.

We'll go next now to Whitney Ijem with Canaccord.

Hey, Whitney. Hi. This is Angela on for Whitney. Thank you for taking our questions. So you're planning to start the twelve-week study starting in the first half of next year. Any idea when we should expect to see data from the fifteen milligram cohort? And any thoughts on what endpoints you would show for the fifteen milligrams?

Well, for the fifteen milligram cohort, if you're referring to the third cohort, that's the twenty-eight day study. It's the same data being collected under the same protocol for the first two cohorts, and that data is expected likely in the first quarter of next year. And as soon as that top-line data is understood, we will be able to quickly then transition to the twelve-week study and focus on that. But the parameters and the efficacy endpoints and safety and tolerability investigations are all identical to what we did for the first two cohorts for the fifteen milligram third cohort. Did I address your question? Thanks, Angela.

Yeah. Maybe just one quick follow-up. Any chance you would show the analyses of the CT scan for patients who might not have responded and seen the decrease in mucus plugs, or do you expect it to be similar?

Well, there's going to be a time for us to share the complete data package for the first three cohorts. Right? We do have a five, ten, and fifteen milligram cohort. I'm sure that'll be a nice presentation or publication at some point. We haven't determined exactly when, but that would be an appropriate time to share all the data we've collected. Determine if there's a dose response and provide those details. I've already shared on this call already that at five milligrams, we did not see any mucus plug reduction. There was none observed. And at ten milligrams, we saw four out of six. So the fifteen milligram cohort, we'll see if that recapitulates or gets better, and we'll have the opportunity to see if there's a dose response at that time.

Great. Thank you, guys.

Thanks, Angela.

We'll go next now to Yanan Zhu with Wells Fargo.

Hi. Thanks for taking our question. This is Kwan on for Yanan. So our question is also around CF. Are wondering, have you seen any data from fifteen mg? And if so, any updates on the safety? And will you be planning to evaluate any dose higher than that? And I have a quick follow-up. Thank you.

Yeah. Fifteen milligram will be the highest dose that we're evaluating. We intend to choose either ten or fifteen milligrams or something in between perhaps for the twelve-week study next year. When the fifteen milligram cohort data is completed in the first quarter of next year, that's when we'll be able to make that decision. In terms of when we share data around that third cohort, that hasn't been guided. We'll first collect it and then make a determination how and when to share it. Did I address your question, Kwan?

Yes. Thank you for that. Yeah. And we're wondering, do you need to show a clear correlation between mucus or plaque reduction and FEV1? Wondering, hypothetically, you only, for example, only mucus or plaque reduction data is positive, and FEV1 is not. Would that affect how you view the program and how you make the go/no-go decision?

I had great conversations with a lot of the experts here at the NACFC in Seattle last month. And, yes, CT imaging has been a primary endpoint previously. However, that's not our present expectation. The FDA may not yet consider CT imaging as a surrogate endpoint at this time. But I think it's safe to assume that it will be a supportive endpoint for, like, a phase three or a pivotal trial. We first have to collect the data from the twelve-week study and then share it with the FDA and have that conversation. You know, if the data's convincing, yes, we'll look at a primary or a co-primary endpoint that involves CT scan. But the present expectation is that CT imaging will be a supportive endpoint, very similar to what ORKAMBI had to go through, where they had their primary being FEV, but the supportive data played a key role in getting that approved as the first modulator. One of the early modulators.

Got it. Thank you so much.

Yeah. Thank you.

Thank you. We'll go next now to Yigal Nochomovitz of Citi.

Hi. This is Joohwan Kim on for Yigal. Thanks for taking our question. Regarding the extra screening visit that you had mentioned for the twelve-week study, can you just provide additional clarity on whether you're planning on averaging the screening visits together to get a more reliable baseline? And also, are you planning on just doing the one extra measurement? And I guess why not multiple?

And why not do multiple? It's a great question. We haven't had that conversation with the FDA yet. But our present thinking around designing the trial is not only increasing the duration from four to twelve weeks and increasing the number of participants from six to twenty, but it's also strengthening the baseline. And whether that's an additional FEV pre-visit or a second one, and do we average screening and two FEV pretreatments or not, that conversation will be one of the key questions that we'll have with the FDA. If once we have aligned on that, I can provide more clarity. But the present expectation is just an additional pretreatment value that can be averaged and strengthening the baseline twofold.

Got it. Thank you. And if I could just follow up more, I believe you had mentioned previously that the quality of life assessment for the phase two for the CFQRS was also variable. And so you had decided not to share that. But I guess is there a strategy in mind to reduce the variability there so you could better interpret meeting in place in the future? Or is the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire just less subject to variability?

Yeah. So just to catch everybody up, the validated questionnaire that's used in the modulator space is well validated and quite comprehensive. And it addresses multiple organs in the body. Our CFQR is truncated and focused on just the lungs because it's an inhaled therapeutic. So there are questions in the pulmonary section. And because of that and for other reasons and because of the smallness of the nature of these n of six cohorts, the variability is just, you know, these questionnaires are more powerful in larger phase three studies, but it's still variable. To address that in our upcoming twelve-week study, we do intend to add additional general health questionnaire questions, what's called an EQ-5D. And I touched on this earlier, but we look at mobility and self-care, and pain, discomfort, anxiety, depression, and this general health questionnaire will be coupled with this truncated CFQR that's more validated. Just to add weight to the questionnaire, and we'll see what we can glean from that. And to what extent we modify it or keep it for the phase three trial will also be helpful in this upcoming twelve-week study.

Got it. Thank you very much. Appreciate it.

Yes. Thanks, Joohwan.

Thank you. We'll go next now to Thomas Eugene Shrader with BTIG.

Hi. Good afternoon. Thanks for taking the questions. I'm wondering in the next CF cohort, there's any interest or thoughts about adding slightly less impacted patients where the lungs might be a little cleaner and delivery might be easier? And then I appreciate you're at arm's length on Costave, but can you comment are there ongoing discussions, or has the FDA kind of made a statement and there's no room to discuss anything? Thanks for the answers.

Yeah. Cool. There's definitely room to discuss. They, of course, are interested in this first-in-line therapy for such a huge unmet medical need in the CF space. So there is still flexibility to discuss. With respect to your first question about less impacted individuals, we did it you'd have to go to our website, but we labeled the cohort patient five. Cohort two patient five. This is someone who had more advanced disease and much more numerous plugs and even larger plugs. And we've we just got, you know, considerable positive feedback from this subject even though their mucus plug reduction was only 9%. And because the mucus of the plugs that were reduced were meaningful, were larger. So we found we had just, you know, success, I would call it, with one particular more advanced subject. So the short answer to your question is no. We're not refining the list of who's going to be getting the drug for this upcoming twelve-week study because we found success in less advanced and more advanced disease.

Okay. Great. Thank you.

Thank you. We'll go next now to Yale Jen with Laidlaw and Company.

Thanks for taking the questions. I apologize I missed this. Earlier part of the conversation. Just a quick question about the CSL. In terms of the I understand the initial contract deal with them just sort of full target infectious disease area. Yeah. Treatments and virus treatments. So I wonder any progress on those two other than the influenza and COVID? Any comments on that? And thanks.

Yeah. It's a great question. CSL and Securis are considering a demerging process, and they've publicly disclosed that. The timing of that remains uncertain. But if CSL and Securis demerge, then Securis will be focused on the vaccine enterprise going forward, especially the flu enterprise. So the future of the program and the collaboration will come through that arm of the company. As of right now, you know, COVID is, of course, still very active. Any guidance on the flu program will come from them going forward and likely the Securis branch if they demerge. With respect to any new programs, we have communicated in the past that those are being considered or active in certain degrees. But we haven't disclosed any of those details that there'll be the right time and place to do it, and it'll likely be coinciding with any updates we hear from a CSL Securis demerger.

Okay. Great. Thanks a lot. Appreciate it.

Thank you. And we'll take our next question now from Lili Nsongo of Leerink.

Hi. Two questions. First, on the cystic fibrosis program. The program the study was initiated in January, about nine patients were dosed by September. You had mentioned initially that the three additional patients for cohort three would be dosed by year-end. How should we think about the enrollment pace? Is three patients a quarter what we should expect moving forward? And does that also apply going into the twelve-week study?

Yeah. We've expanded the third cohort from three. At our last quarterly call, we indicated that we or estimated that we would have three subjects in our third cohort. We've now communicated that that could be expanded up to six. And that would take us into the first quarter of next year. With respect to did I address that question?

I mean, this wasn't a question, but based on that pattern of having about three patients enrolled per quarter, should we also expect the pace of enrollment for the 20 patients for the twelve-week study to be similar?

Yeah. No. We're looking to add a considerable amount of sites in different countries as well to facilitate enrollment for this twelve-week study. I alluded to this previously, but when we were at the Seattle conference, or the NACFC, we got to meet with a variety of investigators globally, not just limited to the US. So the percentage and prevalence of class one and modulator nonresponders in other countries is extraordinary and untapped. So in addition to the dozen or so sites that we have open here in the US, I believe that we'll be adding additional sites outside of the US. And that is intended to accelerate the enrollment pace to support the n of 20 rather than the n of six for this upcoming twelve-week study. So the short answer to your question is that we expect the enrollment rate to increase with these additional sites and additional access to class one and modulator nonresponders. To what extent that increases, we'll be the first to find out.

And is there a global extension and the additional is that captured in the current cash runway guidance?

Yes. But, Andy, you can confirm that that's captured in the runway guidance. Correct?

Yep. That is all captured in the runway guidance. And the good news is that we had produced additional material for the CF clinical trials and consequently, the additional cost of expanding the trial is pretty much de minimis. So we're in very good shape there financially.

Thank you. Second question regarding the OTC program. So can you give us an age range in terms of what your pediatric population target would be? Because the data we've seen so far is in 12 and older, and I was wondering what would it take to go to the younger patient, or would you solely focus on pediatric patients that are 12 to, you know, the 12 to 18?

That's one of the agenda-related questions that we expect for these type C meetings with the regulatory agency, with pertaining to pediatrics, is what the cutoff age is. It's whether it's five years old or eight years old is going to be determined and finalized as part of that meeting. And then adults as well, is it going to be 12 and above or 16 and above, that'll be that's one of the purposes of these meetings to get aligned with the pivotal trial protocol. And that clarity will be provided in the first half of next year as our anticipation.

So you expect to be able to go into pivotal in pediatric patients without an additional study needed to bridge between the data with teens?

Well, if we can accomplish that, then that would be fantastic. But, yes, that's the intent. To what extent we can accomplish that, we'll find out. And all I know is there's a much more considerable unmet medical need in these young, especially X-linked males or boys. And the younger they are, the more severe the disease. And the less their requisite or requirement that we have to track glutamine as a primary driver like it is in the adults. Adults is likely going to be more closely associated with glutamine as a biomarker. So they're two separate discussions.

Thank you.

Thank you.

Thank you. And, Mr. Payne, it appears we have no further questions this afternoon. Sir, I'd like to turn the conference back to you for any closing comments.

Hey, thanks, everyone, for participating on the call. And if there are remaining questions or by those that weren't able to pose them, don't hesitate to reach out to our team. We'll get back to you as soon as we can. Thanks again.

Thank you very much, Mr. Payne. Again, ladies and gentlemen, that will conclude the Arcturus Therapeutics third quarter earnings conference call. Again, thanks so much for joining us, everyone. And we wish you all a great afternoon. Goodbye.