Good day and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Asana's Second Quarter Fiscal Year 2025 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to Catherine Buan, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead.

Good afternoon and thank you for joining us today's -- on today's conference call to discuss the financial results for Asana's second quarter fiscal year 2025. With me on today's call are Dustin Moskovitz, Asana's Co-Founder and CEO; Anne Raimondi, our Chief Operating Officer and Head of Business; and Tim Wan, our Chief Financial Officer. Today's call will include forward-looking statements including statements regarding our expectations for free cash flow, our financial outlook, strategic plans, our market position, and growth opportunities. Forward-looking statements involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause our actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Please refer to our filings with the SEC, including our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly report on Form 10-Q for additional information on risks, uncertainties and assumptions that may cause actual results to differ materially from those set forth in such statements. In addition, during today's call, we will discuss non-GAAP financial measures. These non-GAAP financial measures are in addition to, and not a substitute for or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. Reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures and a discussion of the limitations of using non-GAAP measures versus their closest GAAP equivalents are available in our earnings release, which is posted on our investor relations webpage at investors.asana.com. And with that, I'd like to turn the call over to Dustin.

Thank you, Catherine, and thank you all for joining us on the call today. In the second quarter, Asana continued to execute on our transition to the enterprise and make strides on Asana AI. I'll go through a few highlights from the quarter and then jump into some of the key trends that are shaping our industry and informing our strategy to be the enterprise leader in the category. In Q2, our revenues grew 10% year-over-year, ahead of our guidance and consistent with our expectations that Q2 would be a baseline for stabilization going forward. We saw great leading indicators for growth in pockets of our business, including key wins in manufacturing, energy, transportation and government, which Anne will talk about. Excluding the technology vertical, our Q2 revenue growth rate would have been in the mid-teens. We also reported free cash flow positive of $12.8 million, or 7% on a free cash flow margin basis in Q2, reflecting our continued focus on operational discipline. The number of customers spending over $100,000 or more grew 17% year-over-year. We had a record number of multi-year deals as we continue to build partnerships with industry leaders and the most innovative companies in the world, who are redefining how they work. In fact, two of the most well-known AI lab companies had significant expansions in Q2 as they adopted Asana internally and partnered with us on the technology front as well. We are clearly on the right path and are confident that our business will accelerate, however, the macro headwinds persist. Also, the technology vertical remains a drag on our overall growth. At the same time, we see encouraging signs in some of our top verticals, such as retail and consumer goods and media and entertainment. We have more work to do, and this…

Thanks, Dustin. And I'll just echo Dustin's sentiment on both fronts. And Tim, thank you for everything. You will certainly be missed, but definitely not forgotten. As Dustin mentioned, early access to our Asana AI Studio beta program is getting great response from our customers. When we talked to our top 100 customers, virtually every customer wanted to be part of our beta program. Customers are interested in Asana AI studio for everything from translating global communications across over 100 countries in minutes to managing and prioritizing complex work requests and even making other existing applications more effective by adding a workflow layer on top of a customer database. Importantly, customers are most excited with what AI can do inside their Asana workflows. Customers are saying the quality, efficiency, and personalization that we can deliver at scale is groundbreaking. As we're seeing in our beta program, our AI Studio offering is opening up new kinds of conversations across our customer base and helping us access new incremental budget dollars. Through our AI Studio beta program, we've seen AI help us gain more executive mind share and create significant inroads with executive leadership and AI strategy groups. Our AI capabilities are not just operational tools, but strategic assets. This level of access is allowing us to enhance the traditional workflows our customers rely on Asana for such as work intake, product launches and strategic planning, while also giving us the opportunity to support new workflows due to the power, ease of use and flexibility of our AI offering. We're finding that customers don't want to introduce another siloed tool for their AI workflows. They want AI embedded where their employees are already managing their work, and that's in Asana. This engagement at the highest levels of organizations and direct collaboration with…

Thank you, Anne. Q2 revenues came in at $179.2 million, up 10% year-over-year. We have 22,948 core customers or customers spending $5,000 or more on an annualized basis. Revenue from core customers grew 11% year-over-year. This cohort represented 75% of our revenues in Q2, up from 74% in the year-ago quarter. We have 649 customers spending $100,000 or more on an annualized basis and this customer cohort grew at 17% year-over-year. As a reminder, we defined these customer cohorts based on annualized GAAP revenues in a given quarter. Our overall dollar-based net retention rate was 98%. Our dollar-based net retention rate for our core customers was 99%. And among customers spending $100,000 or more, our dollar-based net retention rate was 103%. As a reminder, our dollar-based net retention rate is a trailing four-quarter average calculation and thus a lagging indicator. However, it's important to highlight the in-quarter trends as we go through this transition. We believe that the in-quarter dollar-based net retention rate is at a stabilization point in Q2. As I turn to expense items and profitability, I would like to point out that I will be discussing non-GAAP results in the balance of my remarks. Gross margins came in at 89%. Research and development was $56.5 million or 32% of revenue. Sales and marketing was $91.1 million or 51% of revenue. G&A was $27.7 million, or 15% of revenue. During the quarter we also realized the one-time property tax credit related to our corporate headquarter, which lowered our operating expenses by $3.1 million. This was an allocation impacting each OpEx line item. Operating loss was $15.7 million and our operating loss margin was 9%. Net loss was $11.1 million, and our net loss per share was $0.05. Moving on to the balance sheet and cash flow. Cash and…

Thanks, Tim. One thing I want to add to my formal comments is that I'm planning to enter into a 10b5-1 trading plan as early as September 5th to purchase up to 13.5 million shares of our Class A common stock. The plan is subject to the required cooling-off period. I'm entering into this new plan because I continue to personally believe Asana shares are undervalued given the size and relatively low penetration of the work management market, and I trust in the path we've charted ahead to be the leader in the category while delivering value to our investors.

Thank you, Dustin. Before I open it up to Q&A, I wanted to note that Mr. Moskovitz's plan is separate from the company's ongoing share repurchase program. And his statements regarding his trading plan to purchase shares of our Class A common stock may be considered forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, including that his trading plan may be modified, suspended, or terminated by him at any time. There can be no assurance that the price and volume parameters of his trading plan will result in purchases of our shares of our Class A common stock in line with his expectations in such forward-looking statements. And with that, operator, we are ready for questions.

[Operator Instructions] Our first question will come from the line of Taylor McGinnis with UBS.

Hi. Thanks so much for taking my questions. Just the first one. So you talked about seeing stabilization and expansion rates in the quarter and being through the worst of the renewal optimization, but it also sounds like upside might have been a little bit lighter due to some deal delays. So, can you just offer what gives you confidence in the acceleration implied in 4Q based on what you're seeing at the start of 3Q? Is that just a function of retention rates improving and starting to maybe see an inflection in revenue growth amongst technology companies or do you need to see an acceleration in other verticals or an improvement in net-net upsells? Thank you so much.

Hey, Taylor. This is Tim. Yeah, I wanted to just say the -- what we had talked about, even in our kind of previous earnings call, is really kind of getting past these bigger renewals that we knew about -- that would likely be downgraded. And I feel like we are past that now, and that will be a tailwind and essentially kind of the stabilization point that we needed to reaccelerate the business. Some of the deals, and I would say, that we had hoped to close in Q2, have moved into Q3. They haven't fallen out of the pipeline. We expect the team and the businesses to essentially close those deals in Q3. So I think we're encouraged kind of by the pipeline, but a lot of it is really just the bottoming out of our gross renewal rate.

Great. Thank you. And then maybe, Dustin, one for you, would just be, you talked a lot about innovation around Asana and AI and what you guys are doing there as well as it relates to some tinkering around pricing and packaging. So can you just maybe talk about when those changes could be a bigger driver of growth down the line and some of the customer feedback that you've heard that that's driving those decisions? Thank you.

Yeah. So I think you're referring to in the last earnings call, I was talking about the possibility of consumption-based revenue around what we called in that call custom workflows. This time we're introducing a new term, AI Studio, which is the same idea, but this is really a new package that customers will be able to purchase starting in Q4. That will give them the ability to build those custom workflows. I think we're still seeing incredibly great engagement from the customers and the pilot, and they all want to proceed. And I have huge hopes for how far that goes. I'm hoping to be here next year talking about the pilot customers now doing hundreds or even thousands of workflows in Asana, but it's still pretty early to be able to quantify it. What I do know is sales will have something to sell in Q4, and I expect some amount of revenue from that, but not material revenue. And then the hope is that's building pretty quickly into the early quarters of next year when we see some of those early customers start to get into enough volume that they're also triggering the incremental consumption revenue. So I think it will start by buying a package, probably including some professional services, and that will begin by -- in Q4. And then next year, I'm hoping it becomes material revenue, and we'll just know more and more as we go along with the pilot customers and can see what they look like later in the funnel, and that will give us the ability to quantify it better for guidance.

Our next question will come from the line of Josh Baer with Morgan Stanley.

Thanks. And Tim, it's been great working with you. Good luck in the next chapter. Wanted to ask about the deals that were pushed. Any sense for why they were pushed? How big they were? How many? And what gives you confidence that they'll close next quarter?

Hi, Josh, it's Anne. Thanks so much for your question. So what we saw in the selling environment was, especially for larger deals in larger organizations, is the decision-making cycle has been elongated, but things are relatively stable compared to last quarter in terms of sentiment. While a number of these deals did push out of the quarter, we actually saw a good percentage of them close in August, and the rest are remaining in the pipeline. So a lot of our focus as a team really is on big-deal conversion rates in this environment. And so that's what we're swarming around the teams that are working on the largest deals, both the ones that got pushed into the quarter and the ones that are -- that we're working through in this quarter. So that's where our focus really is, is making sure those large deals have the right resources to get them across the finish line.

Got it. Thanks, Anne. And maybe for Tim or Dustin, just wondering if there's any more context as far as the CFO transition, any more color you could provide as far as the timing and the change. Thank you.

This is Dustin. Tim should speak up too. But, I think it's easy to look at something like this and think it's in reaction to what's happening right now. But the reality is, this is a much longer arc conversation that Tim and I have been having and just trying to figure out the right time for him to make a transition because he wanted to take some time off and then also think about maybe one last big career move before retirement. And so we've been talking about this for a while. Don't love how the timing ended up, but I think it's pretty much a coincidence. And this just ended up being how it worked out after talking about it for a while, really sad to see him go. But also, as I said, it's bittersweet because we're also getting the opportunity to work with a really talented new CFO in Sona. And I know from experience you lose something important when somebody with Tim's experience walks out the door. But it's also just a chance to kind of shake things up and see things with new eyes.

Yeah. Hey, Josh, this is Tim. Yeah, there was, like Dustin mentioned, this was a very long conversation, and I had wanted to -- I've been here for almost eight years, and it was really an opportunity to take some time off, reset, refresh my mind, and think about what's next. I love this company. I love the people I work with every day. I love the problems that we solve. And honestly, it was an incredibly difficult decision.

Our next question comes from the line of George Iwanyc with Oppenheimer.

Thank you for taking my question. And Tim, I also wish you the best with what's ahead. Anne, maybe just starting with the technology vertical, can you give us a little bit of color there? Have you reached a point of stability with most of your customers there? And maybe put that in perspective of what you're seeing from a logo insurance standpoint as well?

Yeah. Thanks, George. Happy to dive in a little bit more on Tech. While tech was a drag on growth for us this quarter, I do want to just pause and reiterate that tech continues to be super important to us for a number of reasons. It's where we partner with some of the most innovative companies in the world to build our products. We mentioned earlier we're the platform of choice for the two largest LLM companies and we expanded with them this quarter as well as we continue to work really closely with them as we build out our AI solutions. So our ability to partner with technology companies who are innovators and early adopters really helps us to continue to differentiate our product and really shape where the category is going. And so we feel that's also quite important to our growth in the developing verticals such as manufacturing, energy, retail and consumer transportation, and healthcare. Our non-tech sector actually had good mid-teens growth this quarter. And some of that partnership with technology organizations is important to these non-tech customers because the leading organizations really care about implementing the best solution that's available that they can securely and innovatively scale with. So where -- we saw stability, I think, as we mentioned, in terms of our -- where retention and renewals are. I think we'll continue to partner with technology companies, but the diversification outside of tech is one of our main focus areas and we're pleased to see some early signs and positive indicators in those sectors.

Okay. And just following up on that with respect to logo churn and then maybe give us a sense of where you are with the sales initiatives across the four points that you were highlighting?

Yeah, the focus areas that we mentioned investing in more consistent post-sales. Including services, we are seeing that services are incredibly important for larger deals, in particular, migration and deployment. And so those services are either provided by us or our growing partner ecosystem. I mentioned improving velocity, that's really important, especially with the bigger deals. So, further streamlining our sales processes and systems. In particular, we're also excited about the energy and interest in AI products, especially from our largest customers. So it gives us an opportunity actually to have a different conversation, in particular, with AI councils or people within a CIO organization that are leading AI initiatives and kind of opens up new avenues for us. So, while it's early and we're piloting, the positive feedback from our largest and most important customers has been great, and we're excited to bring that to more of our customers when we go GA. And then, just reiterate my earlier point, focusing on strategic industry verticals to really diversify our business. So we're working hard on all those fronts and continue to be excited that most important for us is that our global revenue leadership team is in place and working really well together.

Our next question will come from the line of Alex Zukin with Wolfe Research.

Hey, guys. This is Rich Magnus on for Alex. Can you talk more about how the competitive landscape has evolved over the last 12 months? And separately, can you give us some more color on how to think about billings trends over the next two quarters? Thanks.

Yeah, this is Dustin. Not going to be surprised to hear this. We haven't seen a whole lot of change in the competitive landscape in recent months. I think we're seeing -- we think we're in a lot of the consolidation deals and we're seeing customers hesitate to make a decision either way. And so, I think that's sort of definitionally what our competitors are seeing as well who are in those deals. Anne, do you want to take the second half of that? So the question was just like, what is giving us confidence about billings in the next two quarters? Is that fair?

Yeah, for sure.

Yeah. I think what's giving us confidence is just the continued improvement across our revenue operations and execution. I think some of the things that we're also seeing early signs are, we've been investing a lot in enablement and ramping new reps. That's been a big initiative I mentioned earlier, just investment in streamlining our processes and that's both operational processes, but also systems. Just making sure frankly, that more of our reps' time is spent strategically with customers and prospects. And then just consistency around being able to close the larger deals. So I think as that work continues and we're seeing that in, across all of our regions. Maybe I'll also dig in a little bit deeper. This quarter, some of the areas and regions that we saw good consistent growth were actually outside of the US. So by geography, EMEA and Japan led our revenue growth and grew about 12% year-over-year. And so, those teams continue to execute really well, especially on larger deals. Those leadership teams have been in place a bit longer than our Americas team. So those are good leading indicators that North America, where we've -- where our general managers, has been in place for two quarters, and has been really working with the team there, we'll be able to sort of see that in the coming quarters.

Thanks, guys.

Our next question will come from the line of Michael Funk with Bank of America.

Yeah. Hi. Thank you for the questions this evening. And, Tim, thank you again for all the help with the company. So a couple of, if I could. I know you mentioned a couple of times that some deals stalled in the pipeline during the quarter. Can you be more specific about where in the pipeline they stalled? You know, presumably, you have metrics on deal closure rate certainty as you're closer to the end of the pipeline with the deal versus the beginning. So any additional color or commentary there would be appreciated.

Sure. Happy to add some more commentary. As our focus has been on moving up market and working with larger enterprise customers, we are seeing more back-end loading in the quarter on the larger deals. I think that's sort of just a natural evolution of our focus-up market. And so, what we saw in those deals was that they sort of slipped from the end of Q2, as I mentioned, into Q3. But again, we're seeing signals that we're able to close those in Q3. So a lot of that is just a pattern that we're seeing as we work with larger deals and larger enterprise customers. And part of that is strengthening our muscle to be able to close those in a quarter, and that's the focus for us.

Okay. And then I think investor focus and stock reaction aftermarket is primarily the 3Q guide and the greater weighting on 4Q now, I think presume or the implied for 4Q sequential dollar step up. It'd be one of the larger moves in the last couple of years. So what concrete breakdown of the factors can you give us -- to give us confidence in that 4Q revenue step up? Whether that is your forecast for less seat churn, large deal go-lives that you have towards the end of pipeline, anything to help people get more confidence in the back-end loading for the year would be appreciated.

Yeah. Hey, Michael, this is Tim. I think there's really two points. One, as I mentioned, we know what the renewal base looks like, and many of the larger renewals and downgrades that we had to lap have already happened. And we feel really confident around the base of the rates that we're going into the quarter with respect to renewal. So we view that less of a headwind. So that's one. Two, a good majority of the deals that did move from Q2 and Q3 have already closed. The pipeline continues to be healthy and I feel like we have really good visibility in terms of the dials and the levers converting those deals. So, it's really a combination of just like, hey, lapping some of the more difficult renewals, which we have, and two, kind of what we're going into the quarter with. So if we close those deals in Q3, generally the GAAP revenue you'll see will impact Q4. So…

Our next question will come from the line of Brent Thill with Jefferies.

Tim, congrats on the eight-year run, and looking forward to the next chapter. Dustin, you're not alone in terms of what's happening in the software industry. It feels like many are taking down guide or seeing things pushed out. I guess from your perspective, what do you think is going on, if you had to take a look at a 40,000-foot level? Is it consuming what customers have, is it AI stall? Is there a blend of things that you're seeing? What do you think is actually causing this stall out across the industry?

Yeah. There are a few big trends. Obviously, I think that especially what we're seeing in tech is still kind of the unwinding of the over-hiring and overspending that we saw at the beginning of the pandemic. And it's the same thing we're doing with our own internal IT budgets, as we're just being incredibly judicious about starting new vendor relationships. We're trying to consolidate vendors. We're actively deprovisioning seats. And all of that is just about budget control. And additionally, I think IT and procurements is taking the opportunity to try and consolidate and choose the vendors that they're going to bet on for the long run. But at the same time, they're trying to do that within a constrained both dollar and sort of energy environment internally. And it takes a little bit of change management to do that consolidation and to push it through and to make those big decisions that they're going to live with for a while. And so, they just have like a little bit less capacity to do that, and then that all couples with what I think is massive uncertainty in the economic environment, and then also just with how AI is going to play out. So we've been talking a lot about this idea lately, that the coming wave of AI transformation is even bigger than what people have been calling digital transformation for the past 10 years. And I think that some enterprises are trying to figure out whether and where it may actually leapfrog their digital transformation and it would actually be kind of a waste of time to invest in a technology that's just going to be sort of obsoleted by something else in one or two years. So that's a pretty difficult environment to make decisions. Again, we are often faced with those same sorts of decisions ourselves, internally, and end up doing proofs of concepts, some things, and then pulling back and trying another vendor, trying to solve things in Asana or not in Asana. And so, I'm very sympathetic, and strategically what we're trying to do is meet the customers in the moment and provide a solution that can be part of their digital transformation, continuity, and the answer to AI transformation for them by embedding AI Studio -- by delivering AI studio and giving them the opportunity to embed AI directly in the workflows where they already lived.

Great. Quick one for Tim or Anne. About a year ago, Ed joined and took over on the sales side. Can you walk through the changes kind of how far you're in implementing some of those changes that he's made? Or maybe they're fine tunes. I don't know how you would characterize his strategic actions, but if you can just give us a sense of kind of where you're at for that journey, having onboard since last August?

Yeah, I'm happy to cover that. So, yeah, Ed just crossed kind of the one-year mark with us. And I would say the one of the most important things that he's been doing, we now have a global revenue leadership team in place, general managers in all of our most important regions as well as new enterprise sales leaders in our top markets. So that's been also really important. Ed also brought on board a new Head of Global Channel, who's now been with us almost two quarters, has been also working really diligently with our post-sales team, which is really important. Both services, customer success, renewals teams across every region. And so I'd say the most important things has just been ensuring that we have the right team around the world and in all of our top markets. I think some other focus areas have been really diving in on verticals -- our most important verticals outside of technology. And so that's also where we're seeing good progress. And I would also say just a really tight partnership with our global marketing teams. So some of the things where we're seeing grid signal, that's helping us build the right kind of pipeline and the right relationships with director plus decision-makers and C-level decision makers is all our investments in our Work Innovation Summit, that pacing has been really strong this year. We brought that event to all of our markets. We have our two most important events coming up in October and November. And just the -- I think the customer engagement and the volume of responses and the ability to really have our global team kind of meet our customers where they are, as Dustin said, but also meet with prospects and decision-makers who are looking at their medium to long term AI investments. So I think those are all a result of the investment that Ed has been putting in place over the last year. And we're excited to see more to come.

Our next question comes from the line of Jackson Ader with KeyBanc Capital Markets.

Great. Thanks for taking our questions, guys. Anne or Dustin, the first question for you guys on the impact of the tech sector. How much of the modest slope in the reacceleration curve is kind of due to that sector's subdued spending now? And then how much do you think that the steepening of that curve could be reduced by tech coming back in the future as being one of the, I assume, an early adopter or a frequent adopter of some of your AI innovations?

Not quite sure quite how to answer that, but I think we've been clear that the tech is a drag on overall growth. And so, we're seeing some segments that are growing faster than our overall growth rate right now, and look like they're starting to accelerate. And so, if tech stopped being a drag, we would at least go up to those overall -- to the growth rates of the better segments. And if it re-accelerated, yeah, that would be fantastic. We're certainly not modeling it that way, and it's really hard to know the timing. But, if AI transformation really takes off and Asana is seen as the solution of choice for that, then that is definitely an excellent outcome for us.

Right. Okay. All right. Thank you. And then, Dustin, a couple of quick follow-ups on the 10b5-1. I know, I've asked this before, but I think it's just relevant again. Do you worry at all about like the -- your stepping in again and again at some point sends a counterproductive message to employees or the company around operational and financial discipline? And then second, is there anything that we should take away from the relative size of this plan that starts a couple of days from now versus the 30 million shares from last year?

The operational discipline thing would make more sense to me if I was funding the operations of the company, but I think it's pretty independent. Our commitment to discipline on free cash flow and building up margins, I don't think has changed much by me being a buyer in the market. In terms of the timing, I just wanted to point out, you know, people often sort of read into when I put the plans in market or even the days they're buying and what's going on in the market or going on in the business. But I actually have to plan, like, way in advance. And so, the company buying plan is very different. In fact, during the open window, it can kind of be aggressive on a day-to-day basis. But for me, I've got the cooling off period, and then it sort of set it and forget it on what the plan is. And, historically, I found it difficult to sort of predict what the market was going to do to the stock, especially during all the uncertainty with inflation and with everything that was happening in the years before that. And the reason I'm entering the market now is I think this is different. I think this is a point of stabilization, a low point -- at a point of stabilization for the economy and for the tech sector and relatedly for the Asana business. And even though I think there will be some continued uncertainties, I just feel more confident that this is a time in the market when I can do this very slow process to declare my intentions way in advance and not end up getting too rocked by exogenous factors. But it's not something I plan to do again and again. The sizing -- the number of shares is really a function of the price schedule. And I made -- more made a decision around the amount of money. And I'll just say also the -- I found it interesting to put in plans, announce a sort of up-to-number, and then have people sort of anchor around that. I'll just emphasize there is a price schedule. And I think what happened with the last plan had as much to do with sort of prevailing market conditions as what my original intentions were. So pretty hard to give you a lot more detail than that without sort of revealing enough information to be front-run. But that's kind of where I'm at. I'm intrigued, I guess, by this operational discipline thing, but that isn't really a primary lens I've had for thinking about it.

Our last question will come from the line of Patrick Walravens with Citizens JMP.

Great. Thank you. So bigger picture here, Dustin. How do you see this whole world of AI agents playing out? I mean, you guys have yours and you have nine different features, I think, that are generally available from one of your slides. Bret Taylor just launched Sierra. Benioff just announced Agentforce and said that was going to be the highlight of Dreamforce. So what should investors expect in terms of how these things are going to be differentiated and how do you see it playing out?

Yeah. I think Agent is an interesting term because it means a lot of different things to different people. One of the things that I've seen a lot of people try and deliver and try and buy is really almost the equivalent of a humanoid physical robot, just something that could theoretically be a drop-in replacement to an actual person you have in the yard. We even had that cycle with BambooHR wanting to onboard them and have them be part of the HRIS system. And that I think, as with humanoid robots, I think we're still a few years away from at least. And in the meantime, our point of view is we want to focus AI on more specific jobs to be done. So it's a little more analogous to the robots that Amazon uses in its factory warehouses that are specially designed for that purpose and have more well-defined objectives, and sort of rules of engagement. And I think that is how Asana agents are going to show up. You're going to be able to give them a specific workflow to go off of specific instructions for each step of that workflow, a predefined process, and knowledge bases that sort of, yeah, give it the rules for the road. And I think that will make customers a lot more successful because they'll be able to deploy it in exactly the places where it's possible to be productive without worrying about things kind of going off the rails or say, a customer chat agent that offers a refund you didn't intend just being able to put these into much more sort of predefined workflows, I think is how customers are going to find the slope of productivity. In terms of the specific competitors you mentioned, I think that agents will do sort of context-relevant things. And so it'll matter a little more what the product is they're being introduced into. And I think, Sierra, I don't know a whole ton about it, but I think they're coming at it more from the sort of Swiss Army knife approach. And I think that it's going to be difficult to get that deployed in the short run.

Awesome. Thank you. And Tim, if I could ask you a follow-up? So, I mean, it's been great working with you, and looking forward to getting to do it again. But what do you think is the number one metric that investors should be looking at for Asana, once you -- after you’ve gone, over the next year or two, what's the number one thing we should be focused on to see that this business is turning around?

Yeah, I think the most important thing is seats. I think that's one of the North Star metrics that we run the business on. The more seats we can deploy, the more value we can deliver across an organization. And as we add more SKUs and some of these AI functionality, I think we'll be able to really differentiate the product and demonstrate a lot more value where we'll have more pricing power over time.

That concludes today's question-and-answer session. I'd like to turn the call back to Catherine Buan for closing remarks.

Thank you so much for joining us today, and we look forward to see you on the road this quarter. We'll be at the Piper Sandler Conference, the Wolfe Conference, the Deutsche Bank Bus Tour, the Keybanc bus tour, and those are just a few off the top of my head. Most of all, please join us on October 22nd in New York at our own Work Innovation Summit, and we look forward to seeing you there. Thank you again.

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.