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AstraZeneca PLC (AZN)

Q1 2014 Earnings Call· Thu, Apr 24, 2014

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Transcript

Pascal Soriot

Management

I'm Pascal Soriot and I'm joined here today by Briggs Morrison, our EVP of Clinical Development and our Chief Medical Officer, as well as Marc Dunoyer, our Chief Financial Officer. And we will share the presentation. I've also got here with me in the room, Ruud Dobber, who is our EVP for Europe and our temporary head of Global Product Strategy. And I'm also joined by some of my colleagues from the finance and the investor relations teams here in the room. We have posted a set of slides on the investor page of our website that we'll follow along with to this presentation. And we'll try to cue the slide numbers as we go though. I will provide a brief overview of our financial performance to date and, as I promised when we last spoke at the full-year results, I'll provide an update on our strategic priorities. I will then hand over to Briggs for an update on the progress we are making on our R&D pipeline and finally to Marc to run through the financial performance in more detail before I give my closing remarks and open up for questions. So, as you can see from the title slide, this has been a quarter of continued momentum across the business. You've heard me say a few times before that I believe that AstraZeneca is on a journey, and while we are only reporting the first quarter, I'm pleased to say we've made great progress on the journey so far this year. I'm especially pleased with the significant progress made towards achieving scientific leadership in the development of our pipeline. Looking at some of the highlights of this quarter on slide 5, which we will run through in more detail shortly, we can see that revenues have increased by…

Briggs Morrison

Management

Thank you very much, Pascal. At the full-year results we announced our intent to update the pipeline table quarterly instead of biannually, as our pipeline continues to progress quite rapidly. And so therefore it gives me really great pleasure to present our first update of the quarterly pipeline update. Our goal, of course, in spending our R&D dollars is to make very thoughtful decisions about how we invest those R&D dollars and then to make sure that we deliver on the things that we decide to invest in. And what I'll try to do in this presentation is give you a little more insight into some of the decisions that we've been making in addition to the deliverables that we've achieved. If we can go on to slide 20, you will remember this slide from the year-end results, where we talked about 19 candidates that could potentially enter registration trial starts. And I want to be very clear about this slide. When I show the cohort for 2014 these are molecules that we believe the phase III programs will start in 2014. The molecules on the right-hand side are molecules that could potentially start phase III. I'm going to also talk to you now about investment decisions that we've made to progress molecules into phase III. We may make an investment decision this year, but the molecule may not start phase III until next year. So this slide is really about phase III starts. If we go onto slide 21, what I'm going to talk you through here are three categories of things we wanted to share with you. On the far left are phase III starts. In the middle are phase III investment decisions, which -- again, this is our commitment to progress the program, but it doesn't mean…

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

Thank you, Briggs, and good afternoon, good morning everyone. Today I will provide a little more details on the drivers of the headline results for the first quarter and how we are redeploying our resources to invest in our growth platforms in a rapidly-progressing pipeline as we work towards returning AstraZeneca to growth. I will also discuss the currency effects on our regional revenues, discuss the key drivers of operating profit and margin, as well as provide an overview of our cash generation, cash application in the quarter. I'll turn to the next slide, which presents the headline results for the first quarter. We can see that the revenue for the first quarter grew by 3% to $6.4b at constant exchange rate. The currency impact on the first-quarter revenues was minus 2%, which I will explain on the next slide. I note here that the first quarter includes two months of 100% of the revenue from the diabetes brand following our acquisition of the remaining stake in the alliance with BMS. Core EPS for the quarter was $1.17, declining at minus 11% at constant exchange rate. The impact of the foreign exchange lowered EPS by 6%. Next slide; the slide shows the regional currency impact on our revenues in the first quarter. In Europe we had a small tailwind, but in the established rest of the world markets the currency headwind was almost 2% with Japan comprising about two-thirds of the negative effect due to the weakening yen. In emerging markets the headwind was a negative almost 1% effect of currency on revenue. I will now turn to the P&L for the quarter and focus here on core margins and profit. The press release contains the statutory numbers and a detailed reconciliation to the core measures. As a reminder, when…

Pascal Soriot

Management

Thank you, Marc. In closing, I would like to say it's been a busy period for AstraZeneca and we're very pleased with the progress we've made so far. So in a nutshell this first-quarter revenue growth was driven by all five growth platforms. We've had strong continued momentum with our pipeline. We can expect, as you saw from Briggs' presentation, a very rich news flow in the quarters to come. And, finally, we've maintained our financial guidance for 2014. So with that I would now like to open for questions, so over to you, operator. James Gordon – JPMorgan: I had a couple of questions about the Pacific study, so the MEDI4736 study. One of my questions was will you be looking at PD-L1 expression and segmenting patients by their expression level as part of the study? And do you have a diagnostic for this? Also can you talk at all about whether you'll be treating to progress or beyond and what sort of comparator background you'll be using? And also what you'll be expecting or what you'll be powering for in terms of the magnitude of overall survival? And then I also had a question which as on alliances. I've seen some comments on the media call this morning that you'd be interested in doing alliances and that there could be some announcements quite soon on that. Within the realm of alliances would you consider swapping or divesting rather than actually just forming alliances? Is it possible you would divest anything? And would you be prepared to give away any economics on immuno-oncology in exchange for anything else? Or is that something off the table?

Pascal Soriot

Management

So, Briggs, maybe you could cover the questions -- the series of questions on the 4736 and the study. Let me just maybe quickly address the second question, the alliances. What we said this morning is not very different from what we've said in the past, i.e., we will look for alternative options to develop products that are not in our core therapy areas. We focus on those three cores, as you know. And so we're looking for a variety of partnering options for products that come out of the other TAs. I can't be more specific than this. And I apologize for this, but you'll have to bear with us a little bit, because certainly we're looking at a variety of options that we hope to conclude very quickly on. As to the specific question about IMTs, we certainly would not at this stage plan to -- I don't know, how would you call it? We will not plan to let part of the value coming from our IMT portfolio go away. Certainly, what we will and are considering is a series of partnerships with other companies that are willing and interested in developing their own products in combination with our IMTs. But we will not at this stage consider a partner in the IMT portfolio. We believe it's a very important portfolio. We have a variety of products and we can combine them, as we've said before, and it's very much at the heart of our oncology TA. And certainly in that area we want to do it ourselves, but certainly again partner for combination purposes with other companies. Maybe, Briggs, do you want to cover the PD-L1 question?

Briggs Morrison

Management

So the Pacific study, the details should be appearing on clinicaltrials.gov fairly soon and we'll be talking more about it at the investors' call -- at the investors' meeting at ASCO. What I would say just to clarify, it is -- as we said in the press release, it's sequential therapy, so patients with locally-advanced stage III disease will commonly get a combination of chemo-radiation therapy as definitive therapy. The intent is after that therapy to then follow on with PD-L1 antibody. There is data to suggest that radiation induces PD-L1 expression and may account for some of the resistance and so the idea is to be able to convert those patients into higher response rates and improvements and overall -- progression free and overall survival. When the data comes out and the trial design is better on clincicaltrails.gov and we have a chance to talk with you more we can say more about the design.

Pascal Soriot

Management

And we certainly look at PD-L1 expression as part of the range of studies that we are considering for sure. So should we move to Alexandra Hauber at UBS? Alexandra, do you want to ask your question? Alexandra Hauber – UBS: I've actually got three. Firstly, Symbicort in the U.S. seemed -- was very strong, which -- and it appears that you didn't buy your improved formula position by pricing concessions. Is that -- because you commented that in the press release pricing was stable. Is that just now this quarter, or can we expect this to stay like that in this year? And in this context can you also comment on any net price effects you've seen on Bydureon in the U.S.? Second question, can you provide some ideas about launch timelines for the Bydureon Dual Chamber Pen, or is that still something which we just have to wait for? And the third question is, if I look at the phase III study that you're announcing on 9291, second-line patients with T79 mutations after first-line TKI progression, that seems to be the most narrow indication you can possibly go for and seems to contrast a bit to what Cloves [ph] is doing with their waterfront approach to do all sorts of things in their Tiger [ph] program. Is there any reason for that that you're going forward so selectively? Are you waiting for any more data? And are you planning to expand that at some point?

Pascal Soriot

Management

Briggs, maybe you could cover the 9291 question and certainly talk about our plans to go into first line as well. Let me just quickly cover the Symbicort U.S. question. The improvement in market share you see is not entirely due to the ESI improvement in access. We estimate that about half of the progress we've made with Symbicort comes from access improvement. The other half is simply the hard work that -- and the good work that has been done by the team over the last few months. We were already as you know, before this improvement in access we were already on the growth trajectory. So we certainly believe that it can continue, because we are very focused on this product in the U.S. As far as pricing, the ESI win was certainly not linked to -- as I've said before, linked to a large discount we offered. We didn't actually and, in fact, the price effect so far this year is relatively small. We have a minus 1% price effect and we estimate the price will be more or less stable for the rest of the year. So I would not see a price war there, if you will, in Symbicort. It's really very good blocking and tackling and good commercial work done by the team in the United States that's driving this improvement in market share. As far as Bydureon Dual Chamber Pen, we -- our plan at this point is to launch it later this year. We haven't given any specific date, Alexandra. And as soon as we have clarity we will communicate this, but at this point unfortunately a bit too early to comment. And maybe I'll hand over to Briggs for the question on 9291.

Briggs Morrison

Management

So first I'd say we have ongoing single-arm trial to look at patients with the T790m mutation as well as patients who do not have the mutation. The second-line indication we believe is the area of the greatest unmet medical need. Obviously, the patients who are newly diagnosed with EGFR mutant lung cancer have available to them agents and once they fail this is their biggest unmet medical need and has the highest probability we think from a scientific point of view. So that's clearly where we would go first. As you saw on slide 22, we are considering investing an investment decision to also study in first-line non-small cell lung cancer. I don't think there is additional data that we need. Our scientists are just trying to work through the study design and what one would anticipate in terms of benefit if you were to give this molecule versus, say, Iressa in first-line setting. So that's what we are working through in terms of making that investment decision.

Pascal Soriot

Management

There is a question from Andrew Baum at Citi. Andrew, over to you. Andrew Baum – Citi: Three questions please. First, Pascal, in the context of maximizing shareholder value what is your commitment to remaining an independent pharmaceutical company? Second, in reference to the scale of divestments mentioned in the FT article you talk about infectious diseases CNS [ph]. My impression is that most of the likely divestible assets are ex-U.S. and relatively small. And it's tough to get that $15b number which is quoted. I just wonder whether you'd like to comment on the scale. And finally for Briggs, with regard to the PD-L1, could you just confirm firstly it will include both resectable and non-resectable stage III small-cell lung cancer patients? And then, additionally, what extent do you expect the screening program in the U.S. to expand the eligible patient population going forward? And do you think you will be first to market within that indication? Many thanks.

Pascal Soriot

Management

So the first question on shareholder value, we are of course very committed on creating shareholder value. And we believe the best way for us to do this is to focus on science, come up with medicines that will be differentiated and help patients. And if we do that well then we'll be successful commercially and create value for shareholders. And we believe we have a clear strategy. We believe we are making good progress from a pipeline viewpoint. We believe there is more progress to come and certainly we are very committed to creating this additional value on an independent basis. But of course we are always considering options to accelerate shareholder value where it makes sense. But at this point in time we are very convinced that our strategy is working. We are creating value through progressing our pipeline and we'll continue doing this on an independent basis. As far as ID and infectious disease and CNS maybe you make me say something I didn't say actually, Andrew. And I didn't talk about divestments. I talked about partnerships. And essentially what we said, and I said again today, is that in -- as far as products that are outside our three core therapy areas we will look for partnership options, and I've said this before. And so that would apply to our ID assets. Some are -- for some we have the rights outside the U.S. For some newer products we have global rights, would also apply to our CNS assets. And with those we'll find solutions that are optimizing those assets and optimizing our presence and optimizing our capabilities, our development capabilities, our commercial capabilities. And so the answer to how we go about partnering those products will vary from product to product. Now it may sound a little bit lacking in specifics, and it is because the options are multiple, of course, so you'll just have to wait to see how this shapes up. But that's certainly something we are going to be working on over the next few weeks and months. Then there is a question from Tim Anderson at Sanford Bernstein. Tim, do you want to go ahead? Tim, before you -- I'm sorry, I forgot to ask Briggs to address the PD-L1 question that Andrew raised. I'm so sorry.

Briggs Morrison

Management

Yes, thanks very much. So, Andrew, you'll see in the press release we did it is locally-advanced unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. So this is stage III unresectable where patients are commonly treated with a combination of chemo-radiotherapy and then following onto that we would add PD-L1 antibody. Your question about the screening it's -- your question, it's hard to know exactly how much the screening is going to increase the detection of earlier stage lung cancers. But we do believe that that is a trend that will be progressing, particularly in the U.S., and I think we believe that will be increasing the number of people we pick up at some of these earlier stages.

Pascal Soriot

Management

We received an email question from Kristofer Liljeberg at Carnegie and I want to address it, because unfortunately we cannot answer that question relating to MEDI4736. And the question is what's the timing of our pivotal trial and how soon will the file go according to our plan. And I apologize in advance, but we will not answer that question for obvious confidentiality reasons. So we'll certainly become more specific as time goes by, but for today will not address that question if you allow me. So Tim Anderson at Sanford, Tim, do you want to go and ask your questions? Tim Anderson – Sanford: Okay, so a question on immune-oncology and then an unrelated question. But on immune-oncology at ASCO that's coming up I know we are going to see various data sets from you on different products. Can you just give us your general level of excitement for tremelimumab at this point? And is there any reason to think that this CTLA-4 inhibitor may act differently and look differently than ipilimumab? And then on PD-L1, slide 20 shows product submissions through 2016. I don't see PD-L1 there. I guess that implies a filing maybe in 2017, but if you could just expand on that. And then my high-level question is I think a majority of big pharma companies have talked in recent years about how big mergers between big pharma companies destroy more value than they create because of things like disruption to R&D. And I guess you could look at one clear exception would be Roche with Genentech, but that was a very different set of circumstances. It certainly wasn't big pharma plus big pharma. My question here is would you generally agree with the majority of your peer companies that these sorts of big tie-ups are too messy to really create value?

Pascal Soriot

Management

I'll address that last question first actually, if I may, Tim, and then in the meantime Briggs can think about the level of -- onto the other more excitement he's got for treme. As far as your last question it would actually be difficult for me to tell you that I do believe that large mergers do not create value, first of all, because I am a pragmatic person and I think this -- it's never really good to have a philosophy that applies to everything. I think you've got to be practical and look at things case by case. And secondly because the Roche Genentech merger that you mention, I led that integration, and I actually believe that it actually worked and created value, so I really think it depends on the companies you merge. It depends on whether you can integrate them. It really is a question of are there really true synergies you can generate, complementarity from a geographic viewpoint from a collaborative viewpoint. Can you bring the two cultures together? Can you operationalize the integration? And so there is never really a simple answer to those questions. It's really case by case. So, Briggs, I hope I gave you enough time to -- for you to figure out how excited you are about treme. Do you want to cover this?

Briggs Morrison

Management

I'd be delighted to. So I think that the simple answer to your question of do we believe there is a profound difference between treme and ipi, I'd say the answer is no. I think that if done -- if the exact same experiments are done with the same -- with the two molecules most of the data would suggest they would probably behave similarly. We are excited about treme. We have an ongoing program in mesothelioma and have decided actually to increase the sample size there to improve our chances of having that phase III trial potentially to be a registration trial. And of course we are quite excited about the combinations of treme with the other molecules in our portfolio, so with PDL-1 or with other molecules. So we have a strong belief in treme and think that with the right experiments and the right clinical data it could be an important medicine. As far as the PD-L1 filing question, Tim, just as I said a minute ago, if you allow me I won't be more specific than what you have in the table. And things may change as we go forward, but at this stage what you've seen is what we actually can share. So I'll move to Sachin Jain at Bank of America. Sachin, do you want to go ahead? Sachin Jain – Bank of America Merrill Lynch: First question again on M&A. So irrespective of the recent bid specs, so I'm not asking for confirmation of rumors otherwise, just a high-level comment of your process processing the value of bid approaches in terms of what valuation you reject outright versus what you would be open to. So, for example, as a focus on bid premium to unaffected share price, intrinsic value of the business as you see it today, or value of the business as you see in three to five years? The reason for the question is that on a comment to an earlier question you said you would be open to opportunities for accelerating shareholder value. I just wondered how you defined shareholder value. That's the first question. The second question is a PD1 -- PD-L1 question. There is a phase II lung Atlantic study that's recently listed on clinical trials which looks quite similar to Pacific, so I could just -- wondered if you could give any color as to why you're running two similar studies in a similar setting. And then the final question is for Marc on cost progression. Is it fair to expect SG&A and R&D to increase sequentially into second quarter? Given only two months of Bristol consolidation in the first quarter, are there any costs offsets? And then, related, in your introductory comments you commented on R&D spend potentially going up given accelerated immune-therapy development. I wondered if you could give any color there. Thank you.

Pascal Soriot

Management

So maybe I could take the first one. Marc you could take the cost question and Briggs you could take the PD-L1 Atlantic question. So in terms of the first question, Sachin, the way we look at shareholder value, the way we measure it is CSR [ph], and I guess I will stop at this and not be more specific as far as the rest of your questions. We have a relatively good idea of what the value of this Company is and the value we can create with the implementation of the strategy that we have communicated and that we are implementing now. And so that's basically our base line and anything that could enable us to accelerate this or do better, certainly, we will of course consider. We are very aware of our responsibility to our shareholders. And that's basically as specific -- as much as I can say. Marc, do you want to cover the costs?

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

Yes. I think we have signaled the cost progression from the diabetes, but also from the other investment in emerging markets for the SG&A. We have also signaled this morning the -- we have also signaled the increase of our R&D expenses in the first quarter. So I think the increases are going to continue. Whether they are going to continue at the same rate still needs to be seen. But we have signaled several times that the -- one of our key challenges will be the redeployment of our resources to our priorities and to our core areas. So this will continue to be a challenge for us. You have seen how fast our portfolio and pipeline is maturing, so we will continue to allocate the best resources to the best programs across the year and the following year also.

Pascal Soriot

Management

The only thing I would add on this is we've communicated a guidance and we are committed to delivering this. We are committed to our dividend. And as we move forward into next year and the year after I think certainly we will look for ways to improve our productivity, improve the productivity of our SG&A, as you can imagine, look for synergies across our commercial infrastructure and continue improving productivity in R&D, and look at various options, as we said a bit earlier, partnering options and others. But it is fair to say that on the R&D front there will be a little bit of pressure on the R&D budget, because suddenly the good news is the pipeline is progressing faster than we anticipated, but it on the other hand creates, of course, requirements for additional resources. The next -- sorry, Briggs, do you want to jump in on the PD-L1 question?

Briggs Morrison

Management

Yes. So Atlantic is a phase II trial in patients with locally-advanced or metastatic 3B or 4 disease who have received at least two prior regimens, including one platinum-based. So it's a single-arm trial in patients with more advanced disease or have failed previous therapies. Pacific is a trial in essentially newly-diagnosed patients who have stage III disease and as part of their definitive therapy are getting chemo-radiotheraphy for that disease. Today normally they would get chemotherapy as definitive therapy and then nothing additional. That's the setting where sequentially we would like to add PD-L1. So it's more of a -- Pacific is a newly-diagnosed, locally-advanced disease, whereas, Atlantic are patients who have failed at least two prior regimens.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Maybe we could take an email question. There is a question here on Pulmicort, the growth in China. And basically the question I guess is where does this growth come from. Sorry, I am trying to read. Yes, anyone else explaining the 50% growth for Pulmicort in the emerging markets in Q1. This is a question from Kristofer Liljeberg at Carnegie. And the answer here is actually this growth is very much driven by China, quite a large number of markets, but very much China by a large amount. And that is not a one-off. This is very much the result of a lot of investment in building nebulizing centers in China. We have actually gone from a few hundred nebulizing centers about a year ago to more than 2,000 nebulizing centers. And it's really pleasing to see, because this is, as you know, a very severe disease in children and the impact we are having on those patients is really tremendous. And it has, of course, driven a substantial growth of Pulmicort in China. There is also another question about Crestor. Maybe, Marc, I don't know if you want to cover this one. Should we view the positive net price realization as a one-off? It is a one-off indeed for Q1. Do you want to cover this one?

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

So, to be clear, the question is whether we will see a more flattish price for the quarter 2. And the answer is the price for Crestor has not slipped much in the first quarter, so I think quarter 2 will probably a continuation of that.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Yes. For the one-off -- the first quarter is really a one-off. It's a true-up of managed care rebate, so a one-off for Q1 and then moving forward I think we'll be flat. So I think we've covered the email questions. I'm just checking. Sorry about this. Yes, so maybe we could go back to Keyur Parekh, Keyur at Goldman Sachs. Do you want to go ahead, Keyur? Keyur Parekh – Goldman Sachs: A couple of questions please. One, if I understood correctly you were attributing some changes in your focus from a diabetes portfolio perspective as it relates to the marketing efforts in the U.S. I just wanted to get your sense on moving resources from Onglyza to Farxiga as you're launching it. And should we think of that as more long-term, or do we think of it as resources moving back to Onglyza and, therefore, the support to Onglyza? Or should we think of you needing more resources on the diabetes end? That's one. Secondly, and as you think about the quantum of products that the industry more broadly seems to be running on immune-therapy, especially smaller trial, single-arm studies, can you share with us your experiences of the dealing with the agency on their willingness to accept single-arm studies, 20, 30, 40 patient studies for these kind of projects? Thank you.

Pascal Soriot

Management

So the IMT and the attitude of the agency against smaller studies maybe, Briggs, you could cover in a second. Let me quickly cover the diabetes question in the U.S. It is clear that our focus is for Farxiga. Sorry, in the U.S. it's called Farxiga -- and Bydureon. And that has led to these -- the results you -- I've shown you with Farxiga. It's also fair to say that as a result you see a rather flattish picture with Onglyza and it is clear that our focus will remain Farxiga and Bydureon. I would just simply here attract your attention to the data we will present at the ADA in June, combining Farxiga and Onglyza in a combination regimen on top of metformin and compared to a single agent on top of metformin. And I might also give you an idea of the potential that exists in combining those agents either as separate monotherapies or in a fixed combination regimen. This data will be presented at the ADA. Briggs, do you want to jump in on the IMT question?

Briggs Morrison

Management

Yes. The question of how many patients do you have to treat before you can potentially get early approval in large part depends on the activity of the molecule. So it's the number -- essentially what the agency is looking for is a level of confidence around the activity and the safety of the molecule. So with low response rates and a wide level of uncertainty around it you probably need to do more patients. With very high response rates where you can get some pretty small constant level around that response rate, as long as there doesn't appear to be significant safety issues I think the FDA has been willing to grant people accelerated approval with a commitment to follow on with additional studies. Part of the breakthrough designation with 9291 is it enables us to have those conversations of exactly what do you need from a single-arm trial to reassure them of both efficacy and safety and a commitment to follow on with a larger randomized trial. Keyur Parekh – Goldman Sachs: If I just follow up on just getting a sense for what do you mean by good or strong responses? Are we talking responses not of 40%, 50%, 60%, or do you think 20%, 30% response rates are good enough from a filing perspective? Thanks.

Briggs Morrison

Management

Yes, the signal that we've got from them as we had these exact conversations is response rates in the 30%, 40% range with a lower bound on counts interval clearly exceeding 20%, 25% I think is something that they would take notice of, of course, always balanced against the toxicity that your molecule brings as well. But I think that's the range of response rate where they've indicted they'd be willing to have a conversation.

Pascal Soriot

Management

So the next question is from Jo Walton at Credit Suisse. Jo, do you want to go ahead? Jo Walton – Credit Suisse: Just a couple of questions. On the R&D front you filed Olaparib now a while ago in Europe. I wonder if you could give us an update on the timeline there and your negotiations. Looking at your upcoming events I can see that there is an oral argument surrounding Pulmicort early in May, but do you have a timeline when you think there could be some decision on the Pulmicort generics? And do you have any view as to whether there has been any wholesaler de-stocking yet for Nexium? And my final question is just on -- to help us with our modeling. The net finance charge excluding the royalty stuff is very similar in the first quarter this year to the fourth quarter of last year, and yet you will have been paying for the Bristol Meyers deal for at least part of the quarter. Is there anything unrepresentative about that 1Q, or is it four times' the 1Q for the full year net finance charge?

Pascal Soriot

Management

So, Marc, maybe you could cover the finance charge in a few seconds and let me start with Pulmicort. There is nothing new to report here actually, Jo, on the Pulmicort front. And we typically do not comment, as you know, on our ongoing litigation, but -- so we don't have any more to report here. Nexium de-stocking; there is no de-stocking we've noticed. The stock -- the inventory level in the U.S. at the end of March was very similar -- at the end of the quarter was very similar to what it was at the beginning of the quarter, at the beginning of January, so no inventory movements there. And maybe Olaparib, Briggs, do you want to say a word on that?

Briggs Morrison

Management

Yes. And thanks very much for the question. A little bit of an oversight on our part. Thank you very much. We should have had it on slide 26, because it is potentially -- potential to have the EUR approval in the fourth quarter of this year.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Since we are on Europe, and we need a little bit more time actually to address your finance question, Jo, let me just ask Ruud who is here with us today to tell us a -- tell you a little bit about Forxiga in Germany, because in the U.S. it's of course very important, but we are also doing very well in Germany, incredibly well, in fact, with Forxiga so far and also with the Xigduo, so do you want to say a few words about this one?

Ruud Dobber

Management

Of course, Pascal. And what I have mentioned also in the annual results in the first quarter we were in an arbitration process in Germany. I am happy to report that we came to a resolution and as a consequence of that we are in the phase of re-launching Forxiga in Germany. It goes extremely well. It's clearly tracking on a value basis the line of Genovia, so we are very pleased. On top of that we are also very pleased to see the progress we are making with Xigduo, the fixed-dose combination of dapagliflozin and metformin, so both products are doing extremely well in the German market.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Thanks, Ruud. So, Marc, are you able to address the question? (multiple speakers). So Marc is going to address your question. So, Jo, did you have another question or comment? Jo Walton – Credit Suisse: Sorry, the -- in Germany then does that mean that you have got a Genovia-type price?

Ruud Dobber

Management

Yes. So we had an active negotiation. As always, we are not disclosing exactly the price where we landed, but it's more or less in the ballmark of the Genovia price.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Do you want --?

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

Yes. Regarding the financial expenses which are treated in our core, I think the amount of 126 is in line with what we expect for the year, so there is nothing very extraordinary on the -- in these expenses. And we do have some expenses included for the acquisition of BMS on this.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Sorry, go ahead.

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

No, that's it.

Pascal Soriot

Management

Okay. So we'll -- I apologize for those of you who are still in line. We'll only be able to take one last question from Seamus Fernandez of Leerink. Seamus, do you want to go ahead? Seamus Fernandez – Leerink: So I was encouraged to see you talk about the advancement of benralizumab into phase III for COPD. Can you talk a little bit more about where you see the overall respiratory pipeline, because I think there are also potential immunologic indications where we could see further advancements there? So just maybe talk a little bit about the breadth of the opportunity that you see across the various mechanisms that can approach respiratory disease outside of just severe asthma. And then as a second question I was just hoping we could get a little bit of an update on the tax rate and where we see the sustainable tax rate. And then as we move forward what should we anticipate, or what are the possibilities for the patent box for all of the very rich pipeline that we see advancing forward from here? Again, with so many products in the pipeline looking like they have a good start it would seem like the patent box could be something that could be quite beneficial to AstraZeneca moving forward in terms of the tax rate. Thanks so much.

Pascal Soriot

Management

So let me try to address the questions on the respiratory portfolio. Maybe, Marc, you could take the tax rate and the patent box questions. And also, Briggs, if you have anything to add on the respiratory portfolio, not the tax rate, but the respiratory portfolio, please jump in. And I hope I actually -- Seamus, I hope I understand your question well enough. So the way we look at it is that in those respiratory diseases the treatment is likely to change and towards a more personal healthcare approach. So we see a sub-group of patients emerging and those -- some patients will respond to IL-5 that have eosinophilic disease. Others will respond more to IL-13 or some other mechanisms. So what we are doing is building a portfolio of biologics. And we have benralizumab so far. We have also tralokinumab which we mentioned a bit earlier we are going to move into phase III. And essentially that's our approach to those respiratory diseases is to develop biologics that will be targeted at sub-populations of patients. Over time we can also hope possibly that biologics might be useful in earlier stages of disease and influence the course of disease and it's certainly something we'll be exploring. Briggs, is there anything you want to add to this?

Briggs Morrison

Management

No, I think that's a good initial summary. And again, Seamus, we'll probably have some discussions of this at the analyst presentation at ATS.

Marc Dunoyer

Chief Financial Officer

Yes, regarding the tax rate, so the rate for the quarter is 20 -- reported tax rate is 20.7%. It is not materially different from what we had in previous quarters or previous years. It is slightly better, but it is not materially different. Regarding the patent box, progressively as our pipeline progresses we will make use of this possibility in a progressive manner. We will increase it over time. So I think the answer to the question is, yes, we are going to make use of the patent box as our portfolio progresses.