Good morning. And welcome to Scotiabank’s 2020 Fourth Quarter and Full-Year Results Presentation. My name is Philip Smith, Scotiabank’s Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. Presenting to you this morning are Brian Porter, Scotiabank’s President and Chief Executive Officer; Raj Viswanathan, our Chief Financial Officer; and Daniel Moore, our Chief Risk Officer. Following our comments, we will be glad to take your questions. Also present to take questions today are the following Scotiabank executives: Dan Rees, from Canadian Banking; Nacho Deschamps, from International Banking; Jake Lawrence; and James Neate, from Global Banking and Markets; and Glen Gowland from Global Wealth Management. Before we start and on behalf of those speaking today, I will refer you to slide two of our presentation which contains Scotiabank’s caution regarding forward-looking statements. With that, I will now turn the call over to Brian Porter.

Thank you, Phil, and good morning, everyone. I would like to begin my remarks today by reviewing the Bank’s progress over the course of fiscal 2020. I will then turn the call over to Raj to review our financial performance, and to Daniel to discuss risk. I will then return after Daniel’s remarks to conclude our presentation by discussing our outlook for the year ahead. I would first like to acknowledge our customers for their tremendous loyalty and support over the past nine months during COVID. I would also like to recognize our employees for their incredible professionalism and dedication during a stressful and difficult period. 2020 was an unusual and challenging year, which tested the global economy and the Bank in many respects, but it also represented an important year for strategic progress and accomplishments to position the Bank very well for the future. Many of these appear on slide four. When I reflect on this year, three words come to mind: The first is resilience; the second is strength; and the third is opportunity. Beginning with resilience. When the year began, our repositioning efforts were substantially complete and we were poised to demonstrate our full earnings power as a leading bank in the Americas. We had completed four divestitures in the first quarter and had fully integrated BVA, Chile, and our wealth acquisitions. We hosted a very successful Investor Day in Santiago, Chile, which showcased our strategic progress, highlighted our competitive strengths, and outlined the many opportunities for expansion and growth. Our first quarter results gave a clear indication of our progress and our growth path ahead. The rapid global spread of COVID-19 changed the outlook for 2020. It was not a scenario that anyone could have foreseen, but it was one which highlighted the resilience of the…

Thank you, Brian, and good morning, everyone. I'll start on slide 6. All my comments that follow, including the discussion of business line results, will be on an adjusted basis, which excludes acquisition and divestiture-related amounts and other adjustments outlined on slide 40. The Bank ended the year with diluted earnings per share of $5.36. Pretax pre-provision income was down a modest 1% or up 5%, excluding the impact of divestitures. Earnings from our P&C businesses were impacted by higher provisions for credit losses on performing loans and lower revenue, driven by the pandemic. Global Banking and Markets had record earnings of over $2 billion, benefiting from strong revenue growth and prudent expense management. Global Wealth Management earnings of $1.3 billion were up 7% year-over-year or 8% excluding the impact of divestitures, driven by higher assets under management from stronger net sales and market appreciation and prudent expense management. Revenue was flat for the Bank, and expenses were up modestly, that resulted in operating leverage being negative 0.6% or positive 1.0%, excluding the impact of divestitures. Moving to the all bank performance for the fourth quarter on slide 7. The Bank delivered over $1.9 billion in earnings and adjusted diluted EPS of $1.45 for the quarter, an increase of 39% from last quarter. Revenue decreased 6% from last year, but a more modest 2% from last quarter. Net interest income declined 2% as strong asset growth and higher contribution from asset liability activities was offset by the core banking margin being down 18 basis points to 2.22%, reflecting lower market and administrative rates in most markets year-over-year. On a quarter-over-quarter basis, the margin improved 12 basis points, primarily due to better asset liability management as business line margins remain stable. Noninterest income for the quarter decreased 10% or 5% year-over-year,…

Thank you, Raj, and good morning, everyone. I will begin my remarks on slide 15. Today, my comments will address three important items: Firstly, our credit quality, which is performing as or better than expected; Secondly, our outlook for lower PCLs in fiscal 2021; and thirdly, our ACL build, which is complete. We concluded 2020 in a strong position with a stable portfolio that's well reserved. Our customer assistance programs have largely expired, and the credit performance of the customers exiting these programs remains very strong. As we ended the year, the Bank reported total allowances of $7.8 billion, an increase of 53% over the past three quarters. This means we have appropriate coverage for estimated net write-offs through 2021. So, we do not foresee a build in performing allowances in 2021. Our total provisions of $1.13 billion in Q4 were down over $1 billion from last quarter. The total provision for credit loss ratio improved by 63 basis points over the same period. This is consistent with our guidance in Q3. Recall that we indicated that our Q4 PCL ratio was expected to be below Q2 levels. It's significant here to highlight that the impaired PCL ratio improved by 4 basis points to 54 basis points. On slide 16, I'll give you some more detail on our performing and impaired PCLs. Let's start with the impaired PCLs. We reported $835 million in Q4, down from $928 million last quarter. This improved because of lower retail provisions in both, Canada and International, both delinquencies and credit migrations have improved. Our performing PCLs were $296 million in Q4, down nearly $1 billion from Q3. Roughly 80% of the decline was driven by retail, mainly in International. On the next slide, we provide additional details of our International retail credit performance by…

Thank you, Daniel. I would now like to discuss our outlook for the year ahead. Given the uncertainties related to the pandemic, it's quite difficult to forecast with any real precision. That being said, there are several important factors that make us cautiously optimistic for the year ahead. The first is the scale of economic stimulus in response to the pandemic. The scale of stimulus from interest rate cuts, wage support programs, pension fund withdrawals, to name a few, is unprecedented. For example, fiscal stimulus in Canada, the United States, Chile and Peru has averaged 17% of GDP, while monetary stimulus in Mexico and Colombia has averaged over 250 basis points. Policy actions by governments and Central Banks across our footprint have been numerous, decisive and powerful. The second is the impact of stimulus. We are seeing clear evidence that the stimulus is having the desired impact across our footprint. In Canada, retail spending has reached pre-pandemic levels. The housing market is experiencing robust growth and auto sales have largely recovered. Economic growth in the Pacific Alliance has bounced back with average Q3 GDP growth of 14% versus the prior quarter, with Peru posting a dramatic 30% GDP growth figure. As such, there is ample and growing evidence, the economic recovery in our core markets is well underway. The recovery will likely be staggered with different countries returning to positive year-over-year economic growth at different times. The pace of economic recovery in China and the United States, and the rebound in commodity prices, such as energy and copper, also bode well for Canada and the Pacific Alliance countries, where we forecast GDP growth of over 5% for 2021. Finally, a vaccine will be introduced shortly. While our current outlook does not rely on an effective vaccine being introduced, any progress…

Thank you, Brian. We will now be pleased to take your questions. Please limit yourself to one question and rejoin the queue to allow everyone the opportunity to participate in the call. Operator, can we have the first question on the phone, please?

The first question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America Securities. Please go ahead.

Good morning. I guess, I just wanted to touch upon the International Banking segment. And you provided a decent overview around your outlook for the markets. If you could respond to this question in two parts. One, given there's been a lot of COVID-related volatility, a lot of political noise, has anything around Peru and Chile changed, Brian, in your mind in terms of the growth outlook for these markets for what it means for Scotia? And secondarily, I went back to my notes, Raj, and I think earlier in the year, before COVID, you expected earnings power for the International segment to be north of $500 million per quarter. I realize we're in a very different rate backdrop. Talk to us around what's realistic in this interest rate backdrop when we think about net income for the segment? Thank you.

Okay. Thanks, Ebrahim. And I'll start, and I know Raj and Nacho may have some comments. Clearly, the political situation in Peru has stabilized. The new President is well-respected and is known very well in political circles. I would -- it's very -- in Peru, I know it's confusing to look at us from an outsider. But during our 20 plus years there, governments change from center right to center left and the economies run from the center. So, if you look at it, S&P has maintained the country's investment grade rating. As I mentioned in my comments, GDP growth of 30% in the last quarter, and there is lots of torque in the Peruvian economy, and the economy is going to come back very strongly. That's going to be voted by record copper prices we see here today and trade with China and the U.S. So, in summary, if you look at not just Peru, but the Pacific Alliance, this region is extremely competitive on trade, low levels of private debt. There's less fiscal drag than the developed countries, and these countries have not had to raise rates to attract capital. And that's an important point. So, currencies are stable, appreciating versus the U.S. dollar over the past six months. So, there's lots of torque left in these economies. We're starting to see it, and you'll see that follow through in our results.

So, Ebrahim, it's Raj. I'll start on some of the earnings projections that we talked about and then I'll pass it on to Nacho, if he wants to speak about specific countries. You're right. We've indicated that the true earnings potential of this business should be north of $500 million per quarter. We have rebounded very nicely to $283 million this quarter. And we see sequentially, this is going to continue to improve quarter-after-quarter, Ebrahim. If you want to put a stake, I would say that $500 million should be achievable by Q4 of 2021 as net earnings. It's going to be driven by a couple of factors. Revenue growth is going to start -- because as retail starts coming back, which has been a drag because of the lack of economic activity, you're going to see that natural growth in our assets starting middle of next year in retail. Commercial will continue to be solid we think, across the footprint. And most importantly, I think net interest margin, even this quarter, you saw it only drop 2 basis points across the footprint, we don't see large margin compression ahead of us. You might find a few basis points in a quarter or so, but nothing that should impact their revenue projections going forward. And finally, what I would say is on fee and commission revenue. It's a big part of revenues -- of earnings of the International Bank, particularly when you think about the Caribbean Central America, but also the Pacific Alliance. We've seen the noninterest revenue grow sequentially this quarter, and we'll continue to see that, which is completely linked to the return of economic activity, which is the same driver that will relate to the retail growth coming back across our footprint. Over to you, Nacho.

I can just add maybe to your first question and complementing Brian's comments, Ebrahim. I think, interesting about Peru markets have responded well after the election -- of the appointment of Francisco Sagasti. And Peru issued a bond -- a centennial bond after that, a week ago, that was oversubscribed and it achieved a record interest rate relative to other emerging markets. So, I think, it's a very positive sign that the markets have responded well. This is going to be a transition government, and we have a presidential election in April in Peru. I would also highlight that on the market side, the continued growth of China is -- which is the most important trade partner to Chile and Peru is a positive driver as well as the U.S. economic recovery for the Mexican -- for Mexican manufacturing exports. And overall, as Raj say, I expect by the end of 2021, we’ll be around $500 million. And in addition to the recovery -- rather recovery of fees and volumes, I also expect expenses to be a positive driver. As you saw in the quarter, year-over-year expenses went down, and digital has significantly accelerated. So, that is helping us to keep our whole year PTPP flat in the Pacific Alliance countries.

The next question is from Gabriel Dechaine, National Bank Financial. Please go ahead.

Good morning. Daniel, thanks for all the commentary on the PCL outlook and some goalposts as well. Just wondering, like we've been kind of conditioned to expect the first half to be the peak or somewhere in Q2, I guess, for impaired provisions. Now it sounds more like 2021, end of the year, could it actually be into 2022? Just want to get a sense of timing there. And then, I'll throw on the quick one on expenses. Do you expect a flattish expense growth next year? Thanks.

Sure, Gabriel. Thank you. I'll start with the timing on the net write-offs and I'll now hand off to Raj on expenses obviously. Yes, you're right. We would see -- we've seen net write-offs start to increase. That will continue into Q1. But we anticipate it would grow into Q2 and peak in Q3, given the government approval deferral programs and other impacts coming through. What's important here, I think, is that as we look at the deferral programs coming off, our customers, as I indicated, are really performing very well and coming back to current very, very quickly. So, we will be down at the end of Q1 to really a very small number, about $1.1 billion of our retail customers in deferral. As I said, we're seeing 97% of those in Canada coming back to current, 99% of the commercial, about 90% in international. And that's what we've used to drive some of our analysis on our allowances. And perhaps also importantly, we don't see a high percentage dependency on serve in those deferral expiries. So, we don't think there's any cliff effect leading in our deferral numbers either. I'll hand it over to Raj now on our expenses.

Sure. Gabe, I'll try to give you a little bit of perspective of how we see expenses flowing through in 2021, but more about 2020 to start with, so it gives you a bit of context. 2020, our expenses grew only 1%. So, that's a lot of expense management discipline that the Bank has. We've always talked about it needs to grow in line or take a skew from revenue as well as prioritization. So, we have demonstrated that in 2020. We expect to do that again in 2021 as well. At this time, we don't see expenses growing of any significant magnitude in 2021 across the Bank. It's going to be flat or comparable to 2020. Lots of opportunities across the footprint. Nacho talked about his business, where we have opportunities to quickly get some expense gains. Likewise, we have diligent investments we need to make, both in Canadian Banking and GBM, but we have enough opportunities across the expense base to ensure that our expense growth remains very low, perhaps comparable to 2020 levels as we finish '21.

The next question is from John Aiken from Barclays. Please go ahead.

Good morning. Nacho, when we look at the decline in the average loan balances in your segment, can you talk to how much of that was driven by lower demand, and how much of that was actually Scotia potentially pulling back from marketplace just to see how risk was going to settle out?

Sure. Well, let's look at it first the whole year, because I think it's very important to see that we had a 10% increase in our loan book in the year. And this was same as in Canada was driven by the growth of Business Banking and mortgages. Indeed in Q4, we had an important decline of 7% of Business Banking loans as our corporate customers paid back their short-term loans. But, I see this as temporary. I expect now Business Banking and mortgages to continue the good momentum into 2021. Due to the pandemic, the lockdowns, unemployment rising, there was lower growth, actually only 2% growth whole year in unsecured lending. That will take a little bit longer, but I expect that as economies recover, it will gradually come back, and that by the end of 2021, we should be growing solidly, both in wholesale and retail, and at the similar pace.

Next question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead.

Can hear you me now?

Yes, we can hear you.

Sorry about that. Daniel, I want to go back to what you were referring to on PCLs, your guidance, to make sure I understand it correctly. You suggested the PCLs ratio should be back to what it had been in prior years. That threw me off a little bit, just because I would expect that as the deferral periods expire and as you suggested, we would see impaired losses actually climb throughout 2021, are you contemplating any release of the performing loan loss allowance to actually cause the total PCLs ratio to be consistent with prior year?

Yes. That's the dynamic, obviously, that we expect from the IFRS 9 accounting Mario is that through this period, we've built our performing allowances as we looked at our performance of our portfolio and forecast performance. As you go into the realization of net write-offs, you have these accounts that migrate to these various stages in IFRS 9. And so, as they migrate, they move from performing stage 1, 2 into stage 3. And so, those build-ups in the performing get offset by the increase in the stage 3 as they go to net write-off. And so that counterbalance between the two will drive the net total PCL to levels that are close to or just above our previous PCL levels for the whole year on average. And that's why we're confident, when we look at these numbers, in saying that while it's been a pretty dramatic credit story in 2020, that story has been written, and we're now done with the ACL build.

Okay. So, just going to the impaired then for a moment. The increase in the impaired, is there anything you can offer there? Like how much higher than in prior years, just so we can get a flavor for like how those two dynamics play out?

Yes. I think, if you look at the total over the year, the increase in impaired and ultimately the increase in net write-offs, of course, as a result of that, will be in line with, but less than our build in the allowances that we've had over the course of this year because we're going to maintain some level of those allowances for the longer enduring structural damage that we see in the economy that can go beyond 2021.

The next question is from [indiscernible] from Cormark Securities. Please go ahead.

Thanks. It looks like deferrals in International Banking have not rolled off quite as much as expected in Q3. Maybe Nacho, you could talk to which countries the extensions are granted in? And if there's any risk of having the deferrals extended further [Technical Difficulty]

Sorry. Yes, happy to answer. Look, as Daniel mentioned, in international, as October 31st, we had a $6 billion in active deferrals. But I estimate that as of yesterday, November 30, it will decline -- we have declined to less than $3 billion, and 50% of that related to mortgages and concentrated in Mexico and Chile, where the program started later or where extended by regulation. So in other words, as of yesterday, we should be 90% of the balances should have expired, and the payment behavior has been strong with around 90% at current. It's also probably important to highlight that the early withdrawal of pensions in Peru and Chile has been very positive to help customers resume their payments. It amounts to more than $35 billion in both countries. So, overall, the assistant programs have had a positive effect and are helping customers regain their financial health.

The next question is from Doug Young, Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Good morning. I'll just keep this quick. Brian, you mentioned in your prepared remarks buybacks as one way to deploy capital and acquisitions. And so, any thoughts that you can provide us in terms of when you might think restrictions on buybacks or dividend increases might come off? And when you think of acquisitions, is that lower down on the total pool when you think about the ways you're going to deploy capital? Thank you.

Okay. Thank you for the question, Doug. I think, the superintendent was pretty clear in terms of allowing buybacks and dividend increases in his speech last week. But from our perspective, we have our two top priorities in terms of capital allocation, are investing in our own businesses, and we're doing a lot of that. And examples are in investment in our retail sales force in HFA, our mortgage unit here in Canadian Banking and Global Wealth Management in terms of our sales force there as well. And there's lots of opportunities for us to invest in our own business. So, that'd be point one. Second would be share buybacks. We think our stock on a valuation basis is incredibly cheap. We understand the value in the organization and the earnings potential of this organization. So, those would be the top two priorities for the Bank from a capital allocation perspective. And anything to do with any acquisition or potential acquisition is just sheer speculation. We're focused on driving our own business here right now.

Next question, Darko Mihelic, RBC Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Hi there. Good morning. My question is for Dan Moore. And maybe, Dan, as a preface, this is to help me understand the adequacy of your reserve. So, I'm looking at your deferral program. And what I'm interested in is, not the percentage of the current, but I'm interested in the percentage that is not current. And I was wondering if you can help me understand what is that number. And if they all went impaired, eventually, what would that loss be and how that stack up against your ACL?

Yes. So firstly, on the -- let me be very clear, on the customers that are current, those have essentially all made a first payment. Okay? So, they have -- they're cash flowing, and we feel good about that return to current for those -- with those customers. Secondly, your question was on the coverage and how we feel about the coverage? We've had, Darko, a 63% build in our performing allowances over the course of this. We feel that's very adequate. And a couple of metrics to your question on that. First of all, if I look at Business Banking, we've got 28 quarters of coverage, now realizing, obviously, historical losses will not come up with the future losses, that feels pretty good. Secondly, on the stock of the expired customers, if I assume that all those expired customers go all to my deferred customers, they’re still on deferral, if they all go to delinquency with a rate that is consistent with the 30-day delinquency rate that we've seen so far. And furthermore, all those delinquent go fully into net charge-offs. So, a pretty conservative assumption for the whole book of business. On retail, I've got for cards, 2 times coverage and for loans, 3.5 times coverage. So, that's pretty strong coverage ratio on those extremely conservative assumptions. So, that's one back of the envelope metric we can use, Darko, to think about how strong our allowances are. And that's what gives us confidence in our outlook and our credit quality going forward.

Okay. But just to be clear, Dan, the numbers that are currently -- have not made a payment, they're currently not classified as impaired. How big is that number across the across the various books?

Currently, it's less than 1% -- it's about or less than 1% of the customers that have not made a payment, that have expired and returned to current.

Okay. I may follow up with you. Thank you.

Okay.

The next question is Scott Chan from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.

Good morning. Maybe Nacho, just on International and maybe kind of tying with your expense comment. I noticed the branch count was down significantly and then it kind of equated overall 10% quarter-over-quarter. How much of that was due to divestitures, and how much of that was due to core -- kind of core from your actions on your part?

Well, I would say, Scott, it has to do mostly with the digital dividend. There's some impact of the integration synergies, but really it is because the way consumers have adopted technology due to COVID is truly unprecedented. And we have seen in the Pacific Alliance countries for the average age of our customers is around 30 years old, a tremendous growth, both in digital adoption that has gone from 35% to 46% and digital sales that have gone to 30% to 50%. So, this is a trend that accelerated. But, if you see our last four years, we have reduced gradually our branch network by 150 branches in the past four years. So, this accelerated during COVID due to the acceleration of digital. Branches continue to play a key role. And actually, one of the key changes is that we are on-boarding digitally customers end-to-end in branches, and that is increasing in not only customer experience, but it's also increasing productivity and improving efficiency. So, this is what has happened. And I expect that this will continue more gradually in the future years, but I expect our expenses will continue to go down in 2021.

Next question is from Sohrab Movahedi from BMO Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

I just wanted to go to Dan Rees. He's had it ease a little bit. So, I thought I'd catch up with him. Dan, as Brian mentioned in his remarks that there's going to be some good continued momentum in your business, obviously, a good rebound quarter-over-quarter. But, what does that mean, and what are going to be the drivers of that momentum for you, if I think about it both from an earnings and maybe a volume growth perspective?

Good morning. Thank you, Sohrab. Look, we're expecting both in Q1 and through the course of next year, our two largest loan books will continue to expand. We were really pleased with their performance in Q4, and we've seen good momentum in November already. Here, specifically, I'm speaking about mortgages or real estate secured lending program in general, where we have the market-leading STEP program, where we take a full collateral charge, which allows us to cross-sell higher margin generating product as well as the mortgage. And of course, our commercial loan book, we're really pleased with how the balance sheet performed. You're not seeing much by way of kind of unexpected turn off in terms of deferrals or formations or net write-offs or stage 3. So those two books will continue to grow through the course of next year. Looking at fee income, which I know is a subject of interest often for the Street when looking at our portfolio, we saw noninterest revenue sequentially in Q4 improved nicely. That's both as a result of banking fees and retail small business and commercial coming back on line. We're very pleased with the sales performance that we're seeing in our mutual fund business as well as credit cards and insurance where we're undersized, and we still see opportunity to return to our natural share. So, in addition to those comments, I would just double underlying Quebec. We established some time ago that we're a little out of balance in terms of our regional prospects. We've been making steady improvements brick by brick building our franchise in Quebec, and the performance this year and expectations for next year continue to be very good.

And Dan, just on the margins, you think you should be able to maintain it given the mix that you have from here or do you foresee more margin pressures?

I think the outlook for margins for the Canadian bank I think are good for next year. We think -- we're pleased that we stabilized this quarter. And I think as the mix continues to improve, we're optimistic with regards to fiscal '21.

I think, Sohrab, to be specific, margin in Q4 was 226 basis points. That's what we expect to continue through 2021 for Canadian Banking.

The next question is from Paul Holden, CIBC. Please go ahead.

I'll try to keep this quick. As we think about the International Banking and the return to that $500 million quarterly run rate, I want to get a better understanding of how travel and FX transactions and other fees you generate from travel might play into that? Like, do we have to assume a return to normalization of travel, or are there offsets, such as the expense reductions you've been focusing on that help you get to the $500 million even if travel remains subdued?

Thank you for your question. Well, I think, if you look, it’s beyond travel. Let me put it this way. We are still, today in Q4, 20% below our fees and commissions that we had a year ago. So, I see this as an opportunity that this gap will gradually reduce as these economies recover. And as I said, there's been already a strong rebound. And actually, we had an 8% increase in net fees and commissions in the quarter. So, this is going to be a gradual recovery. Of course, as travel recovers, particularly in the Caribbean, that will have a positive impact in the second half of 2021.

The next question is from Mike Rizvanovic from Credit Suisse Securities Canada. Please go ahead.

Good morning. I wanted to go back to Nacho on the Pacific Alliance. So, I'm just focused a bit on the commercial loan growth. And I know it's been a challenging period the last few months. But, if I compare your growth versus industry peers, and it's really in all four countries, it looks like there has been quite a bit of underperformance. I'm wondering if you can talk to that a little bit? Just on a high level, it looks like there is some sort of derisking going on, just given that underperformance versus peers. Can you provide some color on that, please?

Sure. It's a good question. But, I really feel -- I feel very comfortable with our level of growth. There's some distortion of growth because of government guarantee programs for new lending. And some of our peers have a greater participation. I feel very, very comfortable with the level of participation because we provided it to our clients that need it. But, if you exclude that, I think, we are performing very well to peers and with a good balance with profitability, actually, our performance relative to peers in terms of revenues, in terms of NIM, in terms of PTPP is very strong in the Pacific Alliance countries, especially in Mexico and Chile. Once this support from government programs are sourced, I expect you will continue to see our growth align with the market. And retail, as I mentioned already, has -- it will be slower, but it will gradually pick up as customers come out of customer assistance programs and employment recovers as it is already trending.

The last question will be from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America Securities. Please go ahead.

Hey. Thanks for taking the question again. Brian, you mentioned capital deployment becoming a factor next year. I was just wondering if maybe, Raj, you can address CET1 at 11.8%, what's your outlook in terms of as impairments rise, RWA inflation impact are on the capital ratio? And remind us where you think the Bank should be operating 12 months from now if the macro outlook is improving, what's the steady state CTE1 that you'd like to operate the Bank at? Thank you.

Thank you, Ebrahim. Strong capital rebound this quarter, as we saw 11.8%. I talked earlier about stress test that we run to see when the economy recovers and so on, what could be the structural damage across our portfolio. The analysis always seems to indicate, it's no more than 40 basis points, Ebrahim. And when we think about capital deployment that will happen next year with growth, but also backed up with strong internal capital generation, which, as you know, is about 10 basis points per quarter for this bank with normalized earnings, we think our capital ratio will be certainly north of 11.25% closer to -- about 11.40% as we think through next year. It's a little difficult to answer what is the optimal capital. I think, optimal capital, we've been through the largest stress test that you can imagine in this last year and with the exception of one quarter where our capital ratio of 10.9%, it's been comfortably north of 11%. So, we'll be informed by that as we think through. But, it's going to be something around the 11% range, I would assume. But, as capital deployment opportunities arise for us, we think that it's very easy to manage our capital while consistently deploying it to provide returns to all our shareholders.

Got it. Thank you.

Thank you. All right. Thank you, everyone, for participating in our call today. On behalf of the entire management team, I want to thank our investors and analysts for participating in our call today. I also want to thank all our employees for their continued focus and hard work to deliver to all our stakeholders, and our customers and shareholders for their loyalty and support. We wish you all a safe and happy holiday season and look forward to speaking with you again at our Q1 2021 call in February 2021. Have a great day, everybody.

Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time. And thank you for your participation.