Greetings, and welcome to the Dynex Capital, Inc. First Quarter 2025 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce Alison Griffin, VP, Investor Relations. Thank you. You may begin.

Good morning. The press release associated with today's call was issued and filed with the SEC this morning, April 21, 2025. You may view the press release on the homepage of the Dynex Capital, Inc. website at dynexcapital.com as well as on the SEC's website at sec.gov. Before we begin, we wish to remind you that this conference call may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words believe, expect, forecast, anticipate, estimate, project, plan, and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements that are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. The company's actual results and timing of certain events could differ considerably from those projected and/or contemplated by those forward-looking statements, as a result of unforeseen external factors or risks. For additional information on these factors or risks, please refer to our disclosures filed with the SEC which may be found on the Dynex Capital, Inc. website under investors as well as on the SEC's website. This conference call is being broadcast live over the Internet with a streaming slide presentation which can be found through the webcast link on the homepage of our website. The slide presentation may also be referenced under quarterly report on the Investor Center page. Joining me on the call today are Byron Boston, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer; Smriti Popenoe, Co-Chief Executive Officer and President; Rob Colligan, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer; and T.J. Connelly, Chief Investment Officer. I will now turn the call over to Smriti.

Thank you, Alison, and thanks to all of you for joining us on the call today. We have viewed and continue to view this environment as being favorable to our strategy. The yield curve is steeper, asset prices are now reflecting higher risk premiums, financing costs are lower, and our ability to generate an above-average dividend yield remains largely intact. However, we must manage our business through the rapid transitions that are happening across the global and U.S. economy. My goal for you today is to leave our call with a better understanding of Dynex Capital, Inc., our long-term approach to the business, and why we continue to feel comfortable owning Dynex Capital, Inc. stock in our personal portfolios. From the very beginning of our time here at Dynex Capital, Inc., we've been very disciplined in our approach, not being swayed by the hot investment ideas that crop up from time to time. We recognized very early in the last decade how investing in global markets continues to become more complex. We focus on the multiple demographic, social, and political factors that are interacting to create potential surprises. This thought process is the foundation of our approach to the markets and the management of our shareholders' capital. So what we're experiencing now is not unfamiliar territory for us. It's a moment we have planned and prepared for. Over the past several quarters, we have deliberately positioned ourselves for a more dynamic macro environment. We've taken decisive steps to build resilience, including raising capital at attractive terms, preserving liquidity, and adding flexibility across our portfolio. This proactive approach has given us optionality so that rather than react to market shocks, we can make strategic decisions from a position of strength. To give you a better sense of the environment and how…

Thank you, Smriti. We have several highlights this quarter that we'd like to share. First, as you can see from our results, net interest income continues to trend up as new investments carrying attractive yields are added to our portfolio and financing costs continue to trend down. Despite another quarter of volatile rates, and a 70 basis point intra-quarter move in the ten-year treasury, the mark-to-market impact of our MBS investments compared to our hedges was close to neutral. This year, we significantly strengthened our capital position. Year to date, we've raised $270 million of new capital and given the strength in our stock during the first quarter, we raised capital at a premium to book value, which is accretive to shareholders. Raising capital above book value has allowed us to grow, achieve scale, and deploy into an attractive market. We have invested some of the new capital into the agency portfolio which T.J. will cover, but we also continue to keep ample levels of liquidity to maintain flexibility going forward. Similar to last year's first quarter, this quarter we had an accelerated vesting condition for equity compensation. The impact of this acceleration compared to a standard vesting schedule was about $1 million during the quarter. While expenses are up this quarter, I do expect expenses to level out and trend down over the course of the year. Combined with our equity growth, we're planning for a lower expense ratio this year compared to 2024. We continue to have a commitment to expense efficiency which drives shareholder value over the long term. I'll now turn it over to T.J. for the investment portfolio outlook.

Thank you, Rob. I'll cover our performance and decisions for the first quarter before addressing quarter-to-date changes and our outlook. Our 2.6% TER was delivered during the quarter with significant swings in rates. Current coupon mortgage yields, for example, moved over 70 basis points high to low. And the yield curve moved 20 basis points flatter before steepening again. This performance validates what I have long emphasized about this market regime. Yield investors can earn substantial risk premiums from mortgage-backed securities while effectively hedging interest rate risk. The portfolio generated a solid total return despite mortgage spreads widening from around 138 basis points on the current coupon versus seven-year treasuries to around 144 basis points by the end of the quarter. As Rob mentioned, we raised a significant amount of capital and regularly deployed. We invested about two-thirds and held the balance to allow us to remain flexible, which served as a cushion during the post-tariff market turbulence. We also chose to shift our exposures down in coupon towards more duration stability, added some call swaptions, and maintained our portfolio bias towards neutral duration with the current steepening bias. Most of our hedges are concentrated in the long end of the yield curve. By quarter end, our leverage had declined to 7.4 times. Turning to the current quarter, the April 2 tariff announcement was a volatile event, not a mortgage event. Initially, we saw a classic risk-off reaction that started with equity price declines and then interest rates dropping sharply. However, this quickly evolved as investor concerns about potential devaluation and treasury selling caused yields to spike. We also experienced a tightening in swap spreads as some hedge funds were forced to unwind over-leveraged positions. Some of the price action in these markets was very volatile, indicative of poor market…

With that, I'd like to turn the call to our Chairman and Co-CEO, Byron Boston. Thank you, T.J. Our goal today is to give you a clear picture of the complex environment in which we currently invest. For our shareholders, we would like to leave you with the reinforced impression that we came into this decade believing the global complex. We have continued to make deliberate decisions for capital management, personnel, technology, risk, and investments with this mindset. Let me reiterate, we continue to see a compelling opportunity to invest in agency residential mortgage-backed securities. But we must manage our company through a rapidly changing landscape. We have ample dry powder to protect our capital and take advantage of attractive investment opportunities as they develop. Second, it is important now more than ever to be able to rely on our team. We have been building our bench for the long term, and the experience we have will be critical to developing the strategy and navigating this complex environment. It's also important to have transparency in your investments. The Dynex Capital, Inc. balance sheet can be clearly and cleanly valued. All of our assets are marked and reflected in earnings and book value. We do not have any held-to-maturity investments or other unrealized losses that are hidden from sight. These are essential aspects in assessing not only who manages your capital, but where your capital is invested. We take responsibility as managers, as stewards of your savings, very seriously. The Dynex Capital, Inc. team is personally invested alongside our existing shareholders, and we will continue to manage risk and invest as we see value. As stewards of your capital, we want you to know we're in this together. The executive team collectively owns nearly 2% of the company, making us the fourth largest shareholder with a significant portion of our personal net worth invested alongside yours through long-term incentive grants and direct ownership, aligning our interest fully with yours for the long haul. I thank you for your trust, and I look forward to updating you on our performance and the environment next quarter. I'll now open the line to questions. Operator?

Thank you. We'll now be conducting a question and answer session. For participants using speaker equipment, it may be necessary to pick up your handset before pressing the star key. One moment please while we poll for your questions. Our first question comes from the line of Bose George with KBW. Please proceed with your questions.

Hey, everyone. Good morning. Thanks for all that color. The first question is just on the repo. I guess it sounds like the availability remains strong. Can you just provide more color on repo funding costs? Have you seen much in terms of increases?

Yeah. Hi, Bose. Good morning. Repo funding costs have been very remarkably stable, between 15 and 17 basis points over SOFR across maybe on the longer end. Now, of course, the forward SOFRs are moving quickly, but maybe on six months, you're three or four basis points wider than where we were before this. But overall, it's been impressive how much availability there is in the financing markets. And it's a testament to the plumbing of the system working very well.

Oh, okay. Great. Thanks. And then just on the hedging side, given the volatility, is there anything that changes your views on whether to hedge with treasuries versus swaps? Yeah. Any change there?

I'd say broadly, you know, swaps tend to be a more natural hedge for a mortgage portfolio. We are very comfortable with how we're set up at this point in terms of the hedge composition. There is some room for us to adjust in both directions as opportunities arise. But I think where we are today is a very natural position for the portfolio to point.

Okay. Great. Thanks.

Thank you. Our next question is coming from the line of Jason Weaver with Jones Trading. Please proceed with your questions.

Hey. Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. Maybe for T.J., I was wondering if you might be able to frame the investing opportunity you see today versus historically, you know, steeper curve and widespread, seems to imply some really high ROE potential, but you know, how do you frame that against what is increasingly a more volatile interest rate backdrop?

Yeah. Great question, Jason, and good morning. As you said, the steeper curve environment spreads are wider. We're out to around 200 basis points versus interest rate swap hedges. There's the opportunity for significant ROE. And you know, this against the volatility, to your question, how do you balance it versus the volatility, some of it is really number one, there's no better free lunch in the marketplace than diversification. So we have a nice opportunity to diversify the portfolio across the coupon stack as you've seen this quarter. Or last quarter rather. And that enables us to get a little more duration certainty into the book. And now at this point, you also have opportunities arising on the HCCMBS side of things, which I think is increasingly interesting. So, yes, to your point, it is a great environment for things going forward with a lot of positive carry.

Got it. And just one follow-up. I was curious about your sort of pace of capital deployment from the ending of the first quarter into the second, if it's been relatively even?

Hey, Jason. So I think we announced that the leverage had gone up from 7.4 to 7.8 times. And that was entirely due to book value decline.

Right. Okay. That's fair. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question is coming from the line of Doug Harter with UBS. Please proceed with your questions.

Thanks. Just first off, hoping to get a clarification on the book value update you gave and how that factors in the dividend that goes ex this week?

Yeah. Good morning, Doug. The book value I stated includes the dividend accrued through Thursday, through that day where I value.

Great. Appreciate that. You know, and as you just mentioned, you know, leverage is at 7.8 times. How do you think about the right range of leverage in this environment, you know, where things are volatile, you know, spreads are wide, you know, how do you think about that? And in the context of, you know, kind of earning, you know, attempting to kind of earn the dividend.

Hi, Doug. Yeah. Thank you for the question. So this is really like a tale of two situations. Right? One is the good situation is that you have mortgages at 200 over swaps. These are really good returns. On the other hand, you're managing through a world in transition. And so one of the things we respect, as you know, as long as you've been covering us, I think we've been saying, you know, the globe is complex. And you know, managing our business in this environment requires a great deal of respect. So, yes, there are returns available. And we must manage ourselves through this environment. And so for now, what I would say is, you know, we're watching and seeing how things develop. The bar to add risk here is quite high. So I would say that's something definitely a mindset in which we're operating. We have operated with lower leverage coming into this quarter. And so that just is reflective of our stance on this environment.

And I guess along the lines of the bar being high to add risk, you know, how do you think about, you know, continuing to use the ATM, you know, to add to the portfolio at these spreads.

Yeah. Once again, I think we've always followed the discipline of when there are risk-adjusted returns that are available to us that we feel are accretive to the cost of capital. We should raise capital and deploy that capital. You know, we are looking at the risk environment. You know, with somebody else just after question, how do we see these returns in the context of historical returns? These are very, very good long-term returns on capital. So that is driving some of our thought process with respect to capital raising. And as you can imagine, you know, raising capital above book was very good for us in the first quarter. You know, as the stock has declined and book value commensurately, you can see you expect us to adjust our thought process around that as well. We've been very disciplined generally in terms of when and how much capital that we're raising. And really, you could think of it as just us doing the same thing on the equity side as we do on the investing side. So we're opportunistic about that as well.

Great. Appreciate the answers. Thank you, guys.

Sure. Thanks, Doug.

Thank you. Our next question has come from the line of Trevor Cranston with Citizens JMP. Please proceed with your questions.

Thanks. And appreciate all the color you guys have given this morning. I wanted to follow-up on your commentary around kind of how you guys approach risk and, you know, thinking about your scenario planning. Two of the things you mentioned were potential for changes at the GSEs and also some, you know, potential for foreign selling, including in MBS. I was wondering if you could just provide some context around kind of how you think about those scenarios and how much sort of incremental spread widening they could cause in MBS from where we are today. Thanks.

Yeah. Thanks, Trevor. Yes. Of course. So I'll tackle the GSE question first. You know, as I mentioned in my comments, it's very interesting. This is a market that is not only big in the U.S. economy in terms of its size, with respect to just housing. But it's also super embedded in the financial system. Right? So banks own $2.8 trillion of agency RMBS. The Fed owns another $2 trillion. And any changes to the guarantee thought process in and of itself is going to have consequences, you know, directly affects the mortgage rate and so on. So logic would have it that when something is so entrenched and entwined in the system, there would be a fair amount of caution, you know, with respect to changing those names. Right? So and so if you think logically, yes, you know, things could go just fine. And so what we're preparing for is if things don't go fine, you know, we're looking to scenario analysis to say, you know, how much could mortgage really widen? Should there be some kind of announcement that changes the level of pricing? You can look to the non-agency market as an indicator there. In terms of that spread. So we've thought through those types of scenarios. And in reality, what our framework is, you know, that there'll be an announcement of some sort that maybe the market doesn't like. The market reacts to that, and then there's an adjustment on the policy. So it's what the market prices versus what actually happens. That's something we really focus on in terms of the framework. So I hope that helps you know, understand how we're thinking GSE wise. Logic would have it that, you know, things would be well thought out. And we're just prepared for some kind of shock in the event that it isn't. On the second question that you asked about, you know, it's kind of selling of MBS or just, you know, negative sentiment on the dollar, etcetera, etcetera. You know, there's a short, medium, and long-term aspect to these things. In the short term, obviously, there's been a knee-jerk reaction. The dollar is selling off. We've seen some mutual fund selling or bond fund selling of agency MBS. But again, in the long term, as I mentioned, it's super difficult for large investors to really reallocate away from the dollar and reallocate some dollar instruments. So over time, could that happen? Will that happen? You know, we're actually preparing for that to happen. And then on the spread widening side, very difficult to really say how much that could widen spreads and, you know, again, we run scenarios through all of this stuff.

On the supply and demand balance there in the mortgage market. As we forecast out the year and look at supply relative to potential demand this year, we really were not assuming anything in the way of demand from foreign investors. And I expect that selling and I don't think we'll see much selling. Right? Their portfolios, even on the treasury side, official portfolios anyway, are fairly short in duration. They can just allow a lot of these securities to mature and roll off. And on the mortgage side, really haven't been very active players for some time now.

Got it. Okay. That's helpful. Thank you.

Thank you. Our next question is coming from the line of Eric Hagen with BTIG. Please proceed with your questions.

Hey, thanks. Good morning, guys. Maybe just a follow-up on the portfolio here. I mean, how much yield do you think you pick up in the current coupon and the TBAs? And is there a scenario in which you would actually maybe crystallize the losses in these lower coupons and reinvest in the current coupon? Or are we basically sitting with those bonds at this point? And is there even a scenario in which you'd add to the lower coupons at this point?

Yeah. I think the lower coupons actually offer a lot of value. They have a tremendous amount of duration certainty to them at this point. You know, to speak as a mortgage guy, the complexity of those securities is very compelling relative to the rest of the coupon stack, and I think there's a place for those in our portfolio, at least as far as I can have an outlook on things at this point. So in terms of, you know, yield available, you're talking about 155 basis points or more of spread to the treasuries, 205, even 210, 220 at points of spread versus the interest rate swap curve. So yeah, I think there's a tremendous amount of yield available to be earned and a lot of cushion. Really, when you think about that yield, it's a tremendous amount of cushion relative to any sort of duration uncertainties, sort of the classic metrics that are at times can make it difficult to manage a mortgage portfolio. As some of those, you know, the other thing I'll point out is relative to, you know, some mortgage portfolios in our space, we do have a bias towards higher coupons because we're very cognizant of the prepayment risk on the higher coupon. We saw a kind of what I'll call a refi wavelet in September, and it was really nasty. And to be honest, that's some of what our economy needs. Those borrowers who are sitting with rates that are six plus percent are consumers, and they're being pinched in a big way. So they're going to need to refinance at some point in order to continue to drive the economy forward. So I think this is a very reasonable probability at this point. So, yes, a highly diversified coupon stack makes a ton of sense avoiding those borrowers who could be the fastest to prepay, and the overall yield spread available today gives a tremendous amount of cushion to the mortgage market.

Gotcha. That's really helpful. Alright. So just to maybe drill down a little bit on the capital and liquidity, I hear you on the leverage where that currently stands, but of the $240 million that you raised last quarter, how much has actually been deployed up to this point? And what's your current liquidity, you know, after these last couple weeks of spread widening? And then I got another follow-up. I was gonna say, is there an internal philosophy for how much, how are you benchmarking your liquidity? You guys keep as a percentage of your capital base or how right now?

Yeah. I'll start with just the last question because I think that'll help you with the detail. So, yes, we have been running a higher level of liquidity in general versus our total capital. That is how we think about it. We also think about it in terms of how much cash we have relative to unencumbered assets. In times like these, you'll see us run with a higher level of cash as a total of encumbered plus unencumbered. And then you'll also see us running somewhat to target between six and seven percent of equity over time. And that's typically how we think about liquidity as a level of versus capital.

That's really helpful. Versus profit stock. It's versus assets.

Right?

Yeah. Not capital. Yep. That's

Yeah. Okay. Okay. Alright. Have I the six sixty to seventy percent of equity. That's of equity. Right.

Yeah. Exactly. And in terms of the amount that we deployed, I think two, you know, about two-thirds, as I've mentioned, of that capital was deployed, and the remaining has been a buffer for liquidity. And I'll note that, you know, some of the reason you carry so much liquidity in a portfolio like this is because there is a lot of margin movements between the assets and the liability side of the portfolio, and that has been functioning extremely well. Again, it's another part of the system that has been very healthy throughout all this volatility.

Got you. Thank you guys very much.

Thank you. Our next question has come from the line of Jason Stewart with Janney Montgomery. Please proceed with your questions.

Yeah. Thank you. Can we go back to the GSE question for a moment? Pick your number in terms of where spreads would go to. But what are the ways you are preparing for that potential price action?

Hi, Jason. How are you doing?

Hi, Smriti.

So, really, the number one thing is having the liquidity available to withstand the price shock. Right? So, you know, pick a number, 25, 30, 50 basis points. One of the things that we do is we stress our liquidity to make sure that we can withstand a significant degree of shock. The second piece is just our mindset as we're coming into this situation. We are operating with lower level leverage. We are thinking about dry powder. And there has to be, as I've mentioned, a very high bar right now to raise levels of risk in the portfolio. So the number one defense against any of this stuff is the ability to withstand a shock, and that starts with our liquidity position.

Okay. That's helpful. And then, you know, obviously, it's an uncertain environment, but is there any marker that you're looking at in particular for this acceleration in GSE policy action?

I mean, that's interesting. I think there's a massive recognition by people in charge that, you know, how big the mortgage market is and what an integral part it is of the U.S. economy. I think there's also been a stated objective of bringing mortgage rates down. So those are things that, you know, if we listen to the rhetoric or what's out there, those are things that go in the favor of saying, okay. You know, there's some recognition of how important this is. On the other hand, you know, there are steps that could be taken that get misunderstood by the market, and that's the part that we really get concerned about. More than sort of a deliberate policy in one direction or another. So that's what we're really preparing for, more of like a, you know, surprise for the market that then gets adjusted somehow.

Got it. Okay. Thanks, Smriti. And then on the hedge portfolio, were there any notable changes since quarter end to the hedge construction?

We've made very minor adjustments as what we mentioned on the call.

Okay. And so it looks like, I mean, it looks like four plus rate cuts are priced in. Historically, you've taken the opportunity when forward rate markets price in a substantial amount of cuts to lock in some of that lower funding cost. Is this a particular, you know, I guess maybe just speak to how you think about maybe forwards on the short end of the curve, the hedge portfolio, and how you see that evolving and then the hedge portfolio moving going forward?

Yeah. We're thinking a lot about that in terms of where we position the repo portfolio. And there are opportunities to extend out. You also have a lot of uncertainty coming with summer. We're supposed to deal with the debt ceiling, things of that nature. So we're considering all of those when we think about where to and how to position the repo book. And in the context of that, the nice thing is we have the opportunity to hedge across, you know, the spectrum of SOFR futures and interest rate swap options. So it is a great environment in that sense. There's been a lot of opportunity both up and down to lock in lower funding costs over time.

Got it. Thanks for taking the questions. Appreciate it.

You bet.

Thank you. That does conclude our question and answer session. I would now like to turn the floor back over to Smriti Popenoe for closing comments.

Great. Thank you, everyone, for your attention today, and we look forward to updating you on our call next quarter.

Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your participation. This does conclude today's teleconference. You may now disconnect your lines. Have a wonderful day.