Good day. Thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Greif Third Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speaker's presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to your speaker today, Bill D’Onofrio, Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Development. Bill D’Onofrio: Thank you, and good day, everyone. Welcome to Greif's fiscal third quarter 2024 earnings conference call. During the call today, our Chief Executive Officer, Ole Rosgaard, will provide you an update on current business trends, as well as the latest updates on our ongoing operating model change, which will be a focal point of our upcoming Investor Day on December 11. Our Chief Financial Officer, Larry Hilsheimer, will provide an overview of our third quarter financial results and our fiscal full-year guidance. In accordance with Regulation Fair Disclosure, please ask questions regarding topics you consider important because we are prohibited from discussing material nonpublic information with you on an individual basis. Please turn to slide two. During today's call, we will make forward-looking statements involving plans, expectations and beliefs related to future events. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed. Additionally, we will be referencing certain non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP metrics that can be found in the appendix of today's presentation. I'll now turn the presentation over to Ole on slide three.

Thank you, Bill. Hello, and thank you for joining us. Over the past quarter, I've had the privilege of visiting many of our more than 250 plants around the world. Each week, I make it a priority to spend time with our teams on the ground, often joining them in the early hours for the daily 06:00 a.m. safety meeting. These moments are truly energizing and remind me of the incredible commitment and dedication that our colleagues demonstrate every day. I'm tremendously proud of how our people live our purpose and values, driving safety, quality, operational excellence, and importantly, delivering legendary customer service. It's clear that these are more than just words. They are principles embodied in the work our teams do day in and day out across every location. I also want to extend a heartfelt thank you to our leaders and executive team for their outstanding leadership during this quarter. Working alongside such a committed and talented group of people is not just a source of pride for me, but also a privilege. As we review our results today, it's important to remember that the achievements we're sharing are the results of thousands of people pulling together, aligned by a shared purpose and values. I'm excited about where we're headed and the opportunities that lie ahead. At Greif, all the work we perform is focused on our purpose, creating packaging solutions for life's essentials. Wherever you are located today, listening to this, look around the room, the adhesive that holds your desk together, the chemicals used to manufacture your smartphone, the foam in your seat cushion, the soles in your shoes, the orange juice you had for breakfast, the vitamin supplements you took this morning, and the lubricants in the car you drove to work; all of these…

Thank you, Ole, and thank you all for joining our call. As Ole mentioned, we made progress on our operating model change in the quarter and are nearing completion. In the meantime, we continue to execute our strategy well and produce solid financial results under the circumstances. Ipackchem integration continues and synergy capture is in line with our business case expectations. We additionally made steps towards simplifying our portfolio through the divestiture of Delta Petroleum Company which provided additional debt paydown towards our long-term debt leverage ratio range of 2 times to 2.5 times. Please note that while our current leverage is at 3.66 times, this does not include the impact of the Delta sale proceeds received on August 1. The pro forma adjusted leverage, including Delta proceeds, would have been 3.59 times. As for financial results, we finished the quarter at $194 million of adjusted EBITDA, $34 million of free cash flow and adjusted earnings per share of $1.03. This EBITDA performance was driven by the volume performance that Ole outlined in his remarks and was in line with our expectations. Our free cash flow performance was also aligned to our expectations for Q3 as we had modest working capital use as we ramped up the business with the nascent volume recovery. Please turn to slide six to walk through GIP results. In Q3, GIP saw demand improvement in all regions totaling nearly 5% on a global year-over-year basis. While this is encouraging, I remind you that on a global basis, the current volume shortfalls to 2022 levels are significant. GIP EBITDA margins remained strong on a sequential basis, supported by our continued mix shift into higher-margin polymer-based products. On a year-over-year basis, EBITDA margins were down 200 basis points due to expected cost inflation, primarily related to acquisitions,…

Thank you, Larry. Greif has an Investor Day coming up on December 11 in Midtown New York. And one item I would like to preview with you today or for you today, which will be important to our discussion in December, is our ongoing operating model change. We are currently in the process of organizing our operations and commercial functions by material solution as opposed to geography. While still ongoing, we now have better clarity on the lively material solution verticals, which will encompass that organizational structure; polymers, metals, paper, integrated products and our land portfolio. Through organizing by Material Solutions, we plan to capture three distinct benefits, all of which we will discuss in detail at our upcoming Investor Day. First, it will enable us to accelerate market alliance and value-driven growth through concentrating commercial and operations functions by subject matter expertise. That will enable us to better capitalize on our comprehensive suite of packaging solutions by optimizing pricing and account planning to drive higher margins. Secondly, by realigning functions, we will maximize the effectiveness of all our enabling functions. It will better align business results to individual functions and drive accountability at all levels of the organization. The cost efficiencies driven by that approach will also enhance margins. Lastly, it will allow us to provide a deeper level of transparency to our investor community and help us to provide more predictable returns. It will streamline our capital allocation prioritization and execution, allowing us to deploy cash for growth faster. It will also enhance our speed and ability to integrate acquisitions effectively and expand synergy capture on future deals. Additionally, we are currently assessing whether this upcoming change will result in a change to externally reported segments. We have frequently heard feedback from our investor community that our current…

Certainly. [Operator Instructions] And our first question will be coming from Matt Roberts of Raymond James. Your line is open.

Hi. Good morning. Ole, Larry and Bill, thank you all very much. Ole, I appreciate Slides 10 and 11 and the prelude to Investor Day here. So, without stealing too much thunder from December, maybe could you help me understand the margin contribution or benefit you've received as a result of that mix shift and how incremental margins on the poly-based products compare to the total portfolio average? Or maybe is there a longer-term margin target you think is achievable either in GIP or in that polymer-based business within GIP?

Yes. Hi, Matt, I certainly can. Maybe first, just remind you of our M&A selection criteria. So, when we review target companies, one of the criteria is to make sure that the EBITDA margin is accretive to our current margins. And that means that we're only looking at companies with a margin at or above 18%. And we're also looking at companies with a free cash flow in excess of 50%. And the segments that we're looking at is primarily polymer, like resin-based segments in the premium end of the markets. And you will typically find those companies having up to like mid-20 EBITDA margins. Obviously, we have a current business, so even with the acquisitions we make now, once they're accretive, it's not changing the margins for the whole enterprise. But in the long-term, you will see a trend towards reaching the 18% margin.

Thanks, Ole. I appreciate that and look forward to hearing more in December. And as a follow-up, Larry, you noted in the presentation, continued price/cost headwinds, albeit sequentially improving. And since last quarter, we've seen OCC come down slightly and $20 go through on URB that you did mention. So, maybe relative to your expectations you gave in the last quarter, at current prices, where is the price/cost range tracking in your guide? And is there a certain price you need to see either in URB or containerboard to be at the midpoint there? Or would any changes here on out be more of a 2025 impact? Thank you all, again, for taking the questions.

Yes, you know Matt, thanks. In the quarter, we ended up benefiting from a little better than we anticipated on the price increases due to the volatile recognition, typically through [resi] (ph). We had assumed only partial recognition of the outstanding price increases at that time. But then they actually recognized $40 in June in -- for containerboard and $20 for -- in August for URB. So the net impact of those provided a little bit of a tailwind for our revised full-year guidance. And we had -- we also had better-than-expected value-based pricing benefits in GIP. Our teams just did a great job on focusing on value over volume. The combined benefits of those were slightly better than expected and raw material costs were a little bit of an upside as well. In relation to the paper pricing guidance, you know we still believe there should be more to come. I don't anticipate anything in the remainder of our fiscal year, but certainly, we're optimistic that something should be recognized in '25, given inflationary cost in the entire industry and improving demand trends, particularly in containerboard. Volumes, on the other hand, actually were -- while better, were slightly below what we had expected. You know, we talked in the last quarter that we had seen some lift in demand and we're hopeful that that would continue to improve. It was more mixed than we expected, and for that reason, there's sort of a little bit of a downside relative to where our Q2 guide was. And we also had some miscellaneous cost bucket improvements as we focused on improving things. But that's a little bit offset by the takeout of the fourth quarter EBITDA that we would have had from Delta had we not sold it. When you put all that together, it just led us to where our guidance range, didn't change on a whole over basis. As far as things before -- beyond '24, we're not there yet. I mean, things are changing so rapidly in the environment. You know, we'll see what we get from the Fed in September, which I think could be a big impetus for us across our platform. So, we'll be talking about guidance, obviously, at our next call. Also though, we do -- you know we've had the startup of our Dallas sheet feeders, but we have had no net bottom line benefit to that yet as we go through our start-up costs, but we're very excited about what that will be contributing for us in '25 as well.

Appreciate all the color. Thank you guys, again.

Thank you. And one moment for our next question. Our next question will be coming from Ghansham Panjabi of Baird. Your line is open.

Yes, thank you, operator. Good morning, everybody. I guess going back to slide six, where you're talking about the -- your near term outlook within GIP and customer sentiment and so on and so forth. Can you just give us a bit more color as it relates to your direct conversations with customers in the context of the environment that we have today? And then, just in terms of your volumes that are starting to plateau at a sort of a lower for longer volume dynamic basically, maybe touch on competitive activity, are you seeing anything different than the usual competition that you've seen in the industry over time?

Thanks, Ghansham. Yes, first of all, I mean, market competition has really not eased despite -- you see some positive volume trends, the number of tenders or RFQs remains very high. And we see market participants or some market participants are pricing at what we believe to be loss making levels to maintain their volume. We continue our strict adherence to our value over volume approach, and we simply focus on maintaining trusted relationships with our customers and the commitment of our teams to operational excellence and our value over volume philosophy is a large part of our continued margin strength in GIP over the past quarters, despite these competitive pressures. In the past, we have seen customers return to us after chasing low competitive pricing and our superior quality, and our legendary customer service is really, in our view, unable to be matched. So, over time, those customers come back and then we win in the long-term. In terms of sort of a bit more color. In our Q2, the strongest volume was coming from lubes, bulk chemicals and paints and coatings. But as you may have noticed, in those customers own earnings calls, they seem to be less bullish than before in these end markets. And the end markets we are investing in have likewise been mixed. Food and bev have been solid, but Ag-Chem is still stagnating after the destock that occurred earlier in the year. You may have read an article, a recent article in the Wall Street Journal about the ag sector in North America, where this year the farmers will have a bumper crop, but they're going to lose money. And the article goes into what that means to them in terms of investing in fertilizer and so on, and even machinery. But, overall, I feel that our teams have done a really exceptional job of engaging with our customers and keeping close tabs on shifting demand patterns, and it shows in our volume performance. And if you compare our volumes to some of these significant players in the end markets we serve, like lubes, bulk chemicals and so on, we have outperformed due to our quick reaction time. But that doesn't mean we're resting on our laurels. We're going to keep that focus up, and overall, demand signals are very mixed still. So we'll just remain deeply connected with our customers as a critical supply chain partner and expect that will continue to drive better than industry volume performance.

Okay, thanks, Ole. Very comprehensive. And then on the reorganization by substrate versus geography, is this something that the customers themselves have been pushing for or is it just a natural evolution based on all the acquisitions you've done and the scale of the company at this point? And just separately, what percentage of your sales base in GIP goes to multinationals that want a cross-border supplier?

Well, first of all, the changes we are anticipating to make, number one, yes, it's really to serve our customers better. So, if you think of GIP and PPS; in GIP, we have all types of materials that we're making, whether it's polymer-based, steel, fiber drums and so on. So, in a way, our teams are kind of a jacks-of-all-trades. And what we want to do in our drive to be even better is to really focus on one material solution. So blow-molding a jerrycan is obviously different from making a steel drum. So separating, like jerrycans out in a separate SUB, under a separate SBU management, means that all they need to think about is to be the best in the world in making jerrycan and that will help our customers with even better quality. And at the same -- and so, we're doing that for each of our material solutions. And then, we've extracted the commercial organization out of all those. So, our commercial organization becomes an enabling function, so to speak, under a Chief Commercial Officer, and that will drive up sales and cross-sales. As in the past, a salesperson would have visited a customer in the morning and another salesperson from Greif comes to sell another product in the afternoon. And by combining sales this way, we will just be much more effective in that, and it will also drive margins, and we will be able to serve our customers better. And then lastly, when we do an M&A, we will be even more effective in integrating these companies into our structure. So, overall, the structure has been designed or is being designed for growth.

Okay, terrific. Thank you.

And one moment for our next question. Our next question will be coming from Mike Roxland of Truist Securities. Your line is open.

Thank you, Ole, Larry, and Bill, for taking my questions. Just wanted to follow-up quickly and got one -- on your response to the last question. On the portfolio transformation, does that require any additional head count, given the sales force split?

Well, you mean in our evolution to, to modernize the organization?

Exactly, yes.

It's not designed to reduce headcount. That has never been...

He said -- asked if you'd increases it?

No, we won't increase it. No, we won't increase it. We've had some questions whether we will be taking out headcount, and it's not designed to take our headcount, but we do believe we will be able to operate much more effectively. And as we are adding volume or growing our volume, we will be able to do that without adding further headcount to the organization. So, in effect, we will be operating much more effectively. But we certainly won't be adding.

Got you. Because I was just wondering, because -- as you sales force -- it sounds like your sales force is now going to become specialists in targeted product. So -- I'm sorry, go ahead.

Yes. No, the sales force will be more generalist and they will turn more from farmers to hunters. And then we have created a very strong product management function that will be more of a support to sales or rather than our sales teams acting as product managers, we will have a dedicated central product management function by material solution, serving the sales teams, but also our customers.

Got it. That was very clear. Thank you, Ole. In terms of Global Industrial Packaging, what do you attribute your outperformance relative to the market to? Obviously, you showed sequential improvement in EMEA despite PMIs remaining depressed. So I'm wondering if there's something that you're doing differently, some type of restocking? Like, how are you able to outperform despite the broader market still being somewhat challenged?

Well, I mean, I gave a lot of kudos to our teams, and that's one of them. But it's really our long-term focus on customer service that's driving that. Imagine you probably had the experience of dealing with a vendor or a store where you got a really bad service and you go home, you tell your family, I'm never going to go back there again and everybody -- and then that word spreads. And conversely, you'll probably also try to shop somewhere or deal with a vendor that just provided you that exceptional level of customer service. And then you tell people that as well and then you prefer that over -- and you're even prepared to pay a bit more for that service. And the same thing goes with our customers. So, we have, for a very long time, focused on providing legendary customer service and we get better and better and better. And in that respect, I mean, we're chasing perfection knowing that we will never catch it, but in the process, we have become best-in-class, and that is really why we can deliver solid results in this current environment.

Got it. Really well...

Yes, of course high quality -- sorry, now go on.

No, I'm sorry. Please go ahead.

I was just going to add, you know on top of that, providing top quality products, as you would expect.

Got it. And just one final question before turning it over. Just in terms of PPS and non-index customers, how much of your business is non-index? And are you fully implementing the announced price increases with those non-index customers?

Yes, I'll let Larry take that one.

Yes. So, when we look at that, it's really about 35% of our customers in the URB space. And -- so, just driving, you know, that we've had great success. I can't tell you it's 100% of that 35%, but it's pretty close.

Got it. Thank you guys very much, and good luck in the final quarter.

Thanks, Mike.

Thank you. And our next question will be coming from Gabe Hajde of Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

Ole, Larry, Bill, good morning.

Good morning.

Good morning Gabe.

I wanted to -- Larry, you gave us an inch, so I'm going for the mile. If you can help us, in the fiscal '25 on some of the known items that you kind of called out, and I'm thinking about Delta Petroleum for sure. You said a little bit of a headwind in the fourth quarter. Is that maybe a $15 million to $20 million annualized EBITDA number that we should be thinking about for the assets sold, and then kind of gross price flowing through based on price increases that have already been reflected in the indices? And then, I guess, lastly, I think there were some higher compensation items called out in the press release. Is that kind of getting back to normal? Which I guess is a good thing. But any other kind of one-time items into next year that we should be thinking about?

Sure. Yes, on Delta, no, that number is high. It was about -- our $90 million was about 8.5 times after we've been dealing with stranded costs and that kind of stuff. So more in -- well, you can do the math on that. So, you know, now that business vacillate during the year. So the fourth quarter actually was going to be a little higher than that. So it would be approaching 4 million in that quarter, but for a full year, 8.5 times on 90 million. So, relative to the pricing element, we obviously had the $20 increase on URB. That ends up being about a million that will hit in the fourth quarter this year because it will flow through mostly in October only. And on that $20, at full -- on a full year basis for $10 on URB, yes, you basically have about $650 million -- I'm sorry, what's that number?

$650,000 a month.

Yes, $650,000 a month. On the URB. And the incremental price increase that we had on the container board -- sorry, I'm struggling through my notes here for a minute here. Matt, what's the number on containerboard?

It's 750 for $10.

Yes, 750 per $10. So on those -- how much is it?

And that was recognized in June. So it'll be fully beneficial to Q4.

Right. Yes. Does that addresses that question?

It does. I mean, the other thing I was thinking about was. I don't think that I heard economic downtime mentioned in the prepared remarks or in the slides. Just curious kind of where you guys are running in the system today?

Yes. We've been running full out in our containerboard business. We've had some economic downtime in our URB space. Do you have that number?

It was nothing significant from the other...

Yes, I know it's minor, So...

And economic in any paper grade, but near optimal levels of -- from a backlog perspective in containerboard.

Yes.

Okay. And one last one, just on the M&A front. Obviously, you guys have been active there. You called out kind of being 3.6 times levered on a pro forma basis. Are there still opportunities out there, given kind of where we are in the interest rate cycle or do you feel like it might get more competitive again if the Fed, in fact does cut?

No. We still have a lot of opportunities, Gabe. We have a very robust pipeline. We are engaged with a lot of companies and owners, which -- we continue to do that. We don't always decide the timing. So we have to continue that. And if an opportunity comes along, although the timing may not be ideal, we have the capability to do it. But I'll tell you that our focus right now is to pay down debt so that we get back to the 2 and 2.5 leverage ratio level.

Understood. Thank you.

Thank you. One moment for our next question. And our next question will be coming from Brian Butler of Stifel. Your line is open.

Thank you. Good morning. Thanks for taking the questions.

Good morning Brian.

Just maybe on the first one. When you talk about that $160 million kind of in a more normalized volume environment. What has to happen for that? I mean, are we there at current kind of volumes right now if those just kind of sustain through the back or through 2025? Or do we really need to see some step-up in the macro recovery to kind of get back to kind of the normalized 2022 levels?

Yes. We need a step change. Just to give you a perspective on where we were and is volumes versus Q3 '22. If you look back, and let me just give you some sort of numbers, just for example. For total GIP, if I go to Q3 '22 to '21 was down 4.3%. The following year, it was down another 10.7%. We've only regained 4% of that, okay. So, pretty significant drop-off still from where we were. If I go to you know, IBC's, they were -- because of acquisitions and stuff we were up 9.5% in Q3 '22 over '21, but we were down 13.7% in '22. I can see, because of our acquisitions it have come back pretty, pretty strong. But if I go to paper and our total mill volumes, '22 to '21 was down 2.6%. next year is down 16.3%, and we've only recovered till 7.9% up. So we still have a long way to go to get back to the volume levels that we were at. And so, yes, it is more of a macro issue, Brian, than it is just some marginal change. So, if I look at PPS as a whole, for us to get -- if we got back to normal volume levels, and this is not yet including the impact of the price changes that have been recognized, this is just sort of average value-add for the year, we'd pick up another $56 million of EBITDA in our PPS business. And on our all buying GIP business, it's a $90 million lift. And then you go into the acquisitions that we've made, and if you get back to normalized volumes for them, you end up picking up another $21 million. So it's a big macro piece against the entire environment.

Brian, if I can just add a little bit of color to the $160 million as well. So, as Larry alluded to, that's not one single factor, as you have to consider that much of current volume dynamics is driven by, like, macroeconomic factors. So, while we proved in Q3 that we can outpace the macro on volume, it is still the primary bottleneck to truly rebound in demand. And one major factor in that equation is the current interest rate situation. In previous instances, interest rate costs have been shown to drive production, specifically pent-up housing demands, both for new builds and existing housing sales. And that would be a major volume driver for us. As you know, when you move house or buy a new house, you do more than just buy the house, you paint the walls on the old house for it to sell better. You may buy new carpets, appliances, and hundreds of other items for, you know, when that happens. And all of those things, they drive industrial production and demand for our products. And then another component, as an example, would be ag. I just talked about that earlier, and we are experiencing short-term softness. Some of it is interest rate play in action too. And as that softness abates, again, you will see that end segment to improve. So, there's a lot of factors involved in returning to the $160 million.

Okay, that's helpful. And second question, when you think of the operating model evolution that you're kind of in the process for, what's the timeline on how long that takes to kind of implement? And is there -- during that time, is there a short-term impact either on slower sales or higher costs as that gets pushed through?

On sales, no. On costs that -- obviously, we're doing this in conjunction with changing our fiscal year, as you know, and there are some costs involved in that, but it's not material.

Yes, we had disclosed, Brian, that we were going to end up incurring about $6 million to $7 million related to just the cost of going through this change.

Okay. And is that change kind of completed in fiscal '24 here or does that really roll into '25 as well?

We'll be rolling -- we're evolving into this, and we will roll out the details in December, but we will be operating in this model beginning November 1.

Okay. And then maybe one last one. On your shift towards more polymers versus kind of the other segments, how do you view kind of the market organic growth for the polymers in that kind of specialty piece that you're moving into versus the other segments? What does that organic growth look like?

Well, first of all, just why are we doing this? Well, we are growing in polymer-based products because the margin profile is much, much higher and the cyclicality of those products is much, much lower. So we want to be a higher-margin company, that's a lot less cyclical. On the organic side. I mean next week, I'm traveling to Malaysia to open a new IBC plant, which is polymer. We are adding lines all over the world all the time. We opened earlier this year, we opened another IBC plant in Turkey. So, yes, Brian, we are also growing organically.

Okay. Thank you for -- thank you for taking the questions.

[Operator Instructions] And our next question will be coming from George Staphos of Bank of America Securities. Your line is open, George.

Hi, everyone. Good morning. Hope you're doing well. So, we've touched on this a couple of different ways on the call regarding Europe. But Ole, as you think about it, is there a horizon where you won't be able to outperform Europe in spite of your model, in spite of the legendary customer service? Or do you think the next couple of quarters, for the same reason, you should be able to outperform in Europe in spite of what's been sluggish conditions? If you could put some -- maybe some quantification on that somewhat sort of qualitative question. Secondly, can you talk about what your exit trends were by big business into the fourth quarter? I'm particularly interested in what you're seeing in CorrChoice in terms of the marginal trends there? And I'll leave it there. I might have one follow- up.

Well, thanks. Thanks for that, George. On Europe, first of all, the answer to the question is yes, I believe we can still outperform. And why do I believe that? Well, if we look back and I have to go back to our philosophy of value over volume, we have said no to quite a lot of business in the past, and we can see now that after a certain period, that business is trickling back to us. So that's one reason for why we will continue to outperform. Another one is, we are really focused on growth in segments where we have not historically been very strong, and one is food and pharma. And we have teams really working hard on getting into those segments because the margins are higher, it's much more sticky, and it's much more -- much less cyclical as well. So with that, those combinations, I believe that we will continue to see solid performance come out of Europe. And we have added more capacity as well, by the way, organically. Sequentially on CorrChoice, CorrChoice was up.

Well, all the businesses, but yes, lead with CorrChoice. Sorry about that.

I was just answering your second question. So sequentially, CorrChoice was also up nearly 10% as containerboard demand continued to improve, which was slightly better than we expected in our Q2 guidance. And I would remind you and our other investors of our niche role in North America containerboard as a champion of the independents, which gives us earlier visibility to demand cycles than our competition. As we have a view of the full markets, we are positioned well for this recovery. Champion of the independent is a competitive advantage to us. So we're skilled at handling complexity. We can produce any fluke, any size run and any lighter board combination with speed and profitability. So those are some of the reasons for why we see like that sort of growth in containerboard.

And Ole just in general, and what were the other exit trends that you were seeing in the quarter?

I can't really talk about quarter four, but the exiting quarter three, it's still choppy. I would say it's very choppy. It's a little bit like walking in sand. You take two steps forward and then you slide half a step backwards. So, we have months where we see, yes, it's all coming. And then the following months, we see a dive again, and then the next month, it goes up again. But the overall trends is positive across the segment.

Yes, the one thing, August is always tough because it's you know, vacation holiday month in Europe. And so it always gets choppy. And it also goes to a lot to harvest seasons in the south of Europe. But they're substantially the same as what we saw exiting in July.

Thank you. Last question following I'll turn it over. You know, back to containerboard CorrChoice and the business overall. To the extent that you have a view and your customers could offer one that you'd share on this conference call, you know, volumes for the calendar second quarter in corrugated markets were okay, not great, you know, flat up a little bit, down a little bit, depending on what adjustment you wanted to make, but all very easy comparisons. What are your customers saying? What are you seeing through your businesses in terms of why we're seeing that market trend, recognizing you're doing better? And what kind of holiday calendar fourth quarter season are we setting up for in the corrugated markets, given what you're seeing? Thank you, guys, and good luck the rest of the year.

Thank you. Yes. I mean, George, we're hearing the same thing that we've been expressing. I mean, it's just a mixed bag out there. I mean if you read like the Dow CEO's comments in their earnings call, it's like he's talking very positively, if interest rates drop and home sales kick off, we feel the same way. I mean -- you know we -- and we see others. I think Henkel was very positive, you had other BASF nod, you know, and in the paper business, it's the same kind of mixed bag as what we're hearing from our people on the street. It's one week it's hot, the next week it's not. It's -- that's why we termed it as mixed.

And I think a rate drop will obviously affect it because, you know, average person looks at their credit card debt and their payments, and it's linked to the interest rates. And if they go down, they get a little bit more money between their hands, they shop more on Amazon, and it helps the industry. So, we don't have a crystal ball, that's what I'm trying to say.

Well, you're closer to it than we are. So we appreciate the color, as always. Thank you, guys.

Thank you, George.

And one moment for our next question. Our next question is a follow-up from Gabe Hajde of Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

Thank you. Real quick, when we're talking about, I guess, the different end markets, can you remind us, roughly speaking, in your North American GIP business, how much is directionally tied to housing?

It's difficult to give you a number on that. It really is, because if you take chemical, bulk chemicals is one of our largest ones. Some goes into insulation, some goes into the soles in your shoes, and some goes into the fridge you buy. It's just difficult to sort of play that out.

We don't have a [Indiscernible] on that at all, Gabe.

No worries. Thank you.

And I would now like to turn the conference back to Ole for closing remarks.

Thank you. And first of all, a big thank you for all the questions and your continued interest in Greif. We really appreciate that. And we look forward to reporting our Q4 2024 earnings to you in early December and subsequently also seeing you at our Investor Day on December 11 in Midtown New York. Have a wonderful day, everyone.

And this concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.