[abrupt start] Matthew Prince, Co-Founder and CEO; Michelle Zatlyn, Co-Founder, President and COO, and Thomas Seifert, CFO. By now, everyone should have access to our earnings announcement. This announcement, as well as our supplemental financial information, may be found on our investor relations website. As a reminder, we will be making forward-looking statements during today's discussion, including, but not limited to, our customers, vendors, and partners, operations, and future financial performance, our anticipated product launches and timing and market potential of those products, our anticipated future financial and operating performance and our expectations regarding future macroeconomic conditions. These statements and other comments are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, much of which is beyond our control. Our actual results may differ significantly from those projected or suggested in any of our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements apply as of today, and you should not rely on them as representing our views in the future. We undertake no obligation to update these statements after this call. For a more complete discussion of the risks and uncertainties that could impact our future operating results and financial condition, please see our filings with the SEC as well as in today's earnings press release. Unless otherwise noted, all numbers we talk about today, other than revenue, will be on an adjusted non-GAAP basis. You may find a reconciliation of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures that are included in our earnings release on our Investor Relations website. For historical periods, a GAAP to non-GAAP reconciliation can be found in a supplemental financial information referenced a few moments ago. We would also like to inform you that we will be participating in Stifel's Tech Executive Summit on August 29th, and the Goldman Sachs Communacopia and Technology Conference on September 6th. Now, I'd like to turn the call over to Matthew.

Thank you, Phil. We had a strong quarter in spite of continued macroeconomic uncertainty. In Q2, we achieved revenue of $308.5 million, up 32% year-over-year. We added 196 new large customers, those that pay us more than a $100,000 per year and now have 2,352 large customers, up 34% year-over-year. Our focus on go-to-market improvements is already paying off. After we saw sales cycles increase 20% in Q1, disciplined around deals had them return to levels closer to what we saw last year. While our customers and prospects continue to be very careful around their IT spend, our improved execution led to a record quarter in new ACV bookings. My sense, talking to customers is that while the macro environment is still challenging, it is stabilized. And for the first time in several quarters, sentiment among IT buyers does not appear to be getting worse. Our dollar-based net retention ticked down to a 115%, down 2% quarter-over-quarter. Dollar-based net retention is a lagging indicator. So it will be slower to reflect the go-to-market improvements we are seeing. It's also important to note that we did not see any new competitive pressure or churn throughout the quarter. Instead, the lower dollar-based net retention is due to slower expansion from some of our existing customers. We expect that our focus on go-to-market operational excellence will improve this metric over time. Our gross margin held stable at 77.7%, still above our long-term target of 75% to 77% and in line with 77.8% last quarter. We delivered an operating profit of $20.3 million, our fourth consecutive quarter with a record operating profit. We also meaningfully outperformed on free cash flow, generating $20 million during the quarter, which represents a free cash flow margin of 6.5%. I'm proud that our team has proven we can…

Thank you, Matthew. And thank you to everyone for joining us. During the second quarter, I'm pleased to share that we've seen improvements in terms of the impact from the external challenges that we highlighted last quarter. Specifically, also still somewhat elevated from historical levels, sales cycles shortened in part due to the implementation of more efficient processes and tactics. Our pipeline close rates have also shown improvement as we continue to refine our go-to-market strategies and operations. Furthermore, we observed a notable uptick in collections on our accounts receivable, which we believe reflects a rebound in customer confidence and financial stability. We also continue to maintain our strong commitment to being fully responsible and act as good stewards of investors' capital. We delivered our fourth consecutive quarter of record operating profit. We also prudently allocated capital with a focus on maximizing shareholder value by taking action to retire our 2025 convertible notes during the second quarter. Turning to revenue. Total revenue for the second quarter increased 32% year-over-year to $308.5 million. From a geographic perspective, the US represented 53% of revenue, and increased 30% year-over-year. EMEA represented 27% of revenue and increased 38% year-over-year. APAC represented 13% of revenue and increased 23% year-over-year. We were pleased to see notable performance in the EMEA and APAC regions with both achieving record new ACV bookings in the second quarter. The strength in APAC was primarily driven by large customer deals, and we are seeing security become an even higher priority in EMEA given the geopolitical situation in the region. Turning to our customer metrics. In the second quarter, we had 174,129 paying customers, representing an increase of 15% year-over-year. We ended the quarter with 2,352 large customers, representing an increase of 34% year-over-year and an addition of 196 large customers in…

Thank you. [Operator Instructions] And we will take our first question from Shaul Eyal with TD Cowen. Your line is open.

Thank you. Good afternoon, guys. Congrats on the results and the outlook. Matthew, can you talk about some of your displacement activity this quarter? And maybe my second part of the question will be, do you see AI is accelerating your displacements and win rates? Thank you.

Yeah, Shaul. I really appreciate the question. We've had a lot of noise on the line from the operator. So hopefully, we can get things muted. Apologies for that. So I think that when we look at displacement, it really is across three different parts of our business. So the first area is our conditional application security business. And in that space, we continue to place -- displace a number of traditional hardware vendors, the people who are providing web application firewalls, load balancers, funding various services that people had in those in those areas. We also see point cloud solutions that are doing just one of those things, getting displaced by us where we can very much pick up a significant amount of their business. And that -- that's been the case for quite some time. In our -- the second part of our business, which is our Zero Trust business, the first is sort of the front door of your business, the second is kind of the back door of your business. The Zero Trust business is about protecting employees and data. In that case, we're more and more going head-to-head with the other first generation Zero Trust providers. So the Zscalers, Palo Alto Networks, Cisco Umbrellas of the world. And, again, we really like our win rates in this space. And in a number of the examples that I cited, we were specifically, either in competitive solutions there, or in some cases where we were actually doing takeouts, people who have made bets on the first generation of Zero Trust providers and wanted to upgrade to us for, better ROI, a much better user experience, much faster, more performant network. And I think that that's one of the areas that I'm the most excited about. The third…

Got it. Thank you so much. Speak to you all.

And we will take our next question from Matt Hedberg with RBC Capital Markets. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks for taking my question, guys. Thomas, I had a question for you. Obviously, good results this quarter. And there was a lot of optimism in your portion of the prepared remarks. You talked about, sort of like better win rates, shorter deal cycles, et cetera. When I look though at sort of the sequential growth for Q3 and Q4, it's a bit higher than what we saw in the first half. I just -- what are some of those main factors that are giving you sort of increased optimism for the second half? And does guidance assume that macro stay constant or maybe even improve a little bit?

Well, thank you, Matt. We saw the first data points that, what you call it, made me be a bit more optimistic. We think -- we still think, we need to apply a good portion of caution to our outlook. One data point doesn't really make a trend. At this point, we do not assume that the macroeconomic environment is improving significantly. We still see significant mixed macroeconomic data points that we factored into our guidance. And then therefore, it sets -- data as we said, prudent and cautious, not over-interpreting just on one data point.

Got it. That's helpful. Maybe just a quick follow-up. Sort of double clicking on the strength that you saw this quarter, there was a lot of conversation about, shorter sales cycles, better win rates. Have you noticed any quantifiable benefit from your new CRO, Marc, as he's come on board and maybe improved sort of the sales focus?

We're making good progress, both in terms of restructuring our team, in terms of adapting our tactics and strategies, how we move upmarket. But you have to remind -- remember that, bringing on team new people takes ramp time, a little bit shorter in the mid-market, a little bit longer in the enterprise segment. We have not seen most of those improvements yet, and we do not expect to see them over the -- over the course of the remainder of this year. So we are making really good progress, but, we've been cautious in terms of what we've factored in, in the guidance that we've given for the second half.

Thanks, guys.

And we will take our next question from Trevor Walsh with JMP Securities. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks for taking my question. Maybe, Matthew, just for you, first. A lot of the comments around AI seems to focus more around the developer piece and Workers specifically, which you kind of have as your part of your Act 3. Does that become more something accelerated into more of Act 2 for that part of the platform? Can you just maybe talk a little bit about kind of the, changes of the game from that perspective?

Sure. Thanks, Trevor. I think that -- I mean, I think that the order of the acts is pretty -- is, I would still say Act 1 is application security, Act 2 is Zero Trust and Act 3 is Workers. But I would say that we have been very pleasantly surprised at how quickly the Workers' platform is taking off. But we are not, at this time, optimizing that platform for how can we bring as many dollars out of it as possible. We think that studying developer platforms across history, what we've seen is what you really need is adoption. And so, what I'm encouraged by is that every single day, when new companies are starting, when new trends take off like AI has, that people are turning to this. And I think it's -- I don't think that this is a flash in the pan. This isn't a polyester kind of new wardrobe that that is going to look good for a little while, but quickly fade. This is something that's real, and we're seeing that more and more companies, more and more experienced developers are turning to the Workers' platform in order to be able to deliver something that they can't get from the traditional hyperscale public clouds. And so, I think that any great work of fiction or otherwise, that the -- some of the excitement often comes in the later chapters. And so I don't want to diminish it by saying that it's act three, but I -- and I think that there's a huge opportunity there. But I also don't want to lose the fact that we had many customers this year really dive into our Act 2 products and we're making incredible gains in that space as well. So I think we've got a really exciting second and third act.

Awesome. Thanks, Matthew. Appreciate the color. Maybe just a quick follow-up for Thomas. Of the 196 large customers that you added in the quarter, could you maybe provide a little bit of color around -- are those current customers crossing into that threshold or is there a preponderance or even, like, an even split of new customers kind of just landing of that size? Can you just give us maybe a general sense of kind of where that pool of customers is coming from?

In in the past, it was pretty even, fifty-fifty between new customer sign on the defender expansions. I would say, in the last quarter specifically, we had probably a larger share of new customers signing up right beyond the $1 million. So it shifted slightly away from expansion into a new logo sign on.

Awesome. Great. Thanks again for taking the questions.

And we will take our next question from Jonathan Ho with William Blair. Your line is open.

Good afternoon. This is John Weidemoyer for Jonathan. Thanks for taking my question. I'd like to get some clarification if I could on, in better state, your net retention rate, if I understood you correctly, you had indicated in your prepared remarks that the retention rate is a lagging indicator that should benefit from your go-to-market and sales replacement initiatives and such. But then I believe you also said that was impacted by large -- by the largest customer cohorts. I wouldn't expect large customers to be quite as impacted. I wouldn't think that large customers would be impacted so much by your sales or go-to-market because your existing customers or most a lot of them would be. Could you help me understand what -- how that would impact retention rate and what kind of some of the moving parts are there?

All right. Well, just to make sure, the expansion rates stayed high. Expansion in the large customer cohort was a little bit lagging. That is what we already saw in the prior quarter. It's also one of the reasons for my previous answer that the large customer growth was pretty much coming more biased towards new logos than it was coming from expansion. Expansion, as I said in my prepared remarks, as far as the lagging indicator because it's pretty much a look back to the four prior quarters. That is what you compare to a sign on. So any movement we see in an existing quarter, will take time to show up in DNR. We see -- we think we are seeing bottoming of the DNR development. So we are quite for we'll move that upwards to where and beyond where we came from. But because we are so conservative in how we measure DNR, it’s an all-in across all customer cohorts. It's very much a lagging indicator. So it will take a while before all the improvement that we are initiating in getting expansion going again will show up in DNR.

Okay. Thank you. And, if I could just ask for, you mentioned that some of these initiatives, you wouldn't expect to see the new sales folks who are not being fully productive through the end of the year. That makes sense. Can you talk about your progress on the implementation of the sales processes, kind of when -- where you might think you're halfway done, fully done, at what point in time and have you identified further process improvements since our last talk a quarter ago? Thank you.

Yeah. So I'll take that. I think that Marc is doing a really great job looking across the organization. I think one of the things that we really highlighted last quarter was that we had, some underperformance across the org. And we addressed that. What I was -- that's I, over the course of the last three months, have kept very careful, sort of my fingers on the pulse of the organization, met with a ton of our team. And what I'm hearing from the team is that they're super invigorated. They appreciate the additional training and enablement that we've implemented. And that we're seeing, our sales team get the tools that they need in order to make sure that they can, close great deals. And we, again, still have very strong pipeline. And I think that, what you'll see is that, that gets reflected as we have those new reps that are coming on as we do more enablement with our existing reps. And that I think is something that's very bullish for what we have going forward.

Thank you.

We will take our next question from Brent Thill with Jefferies. Your line is open.

Good afternoon. Matthew, if you take your crystal ball out in the second half of the year, I'm just curious if you feel things are starting to slowly improve? It seems like a lot of your security peers are starting to see some decay and perhaps you're gaining some share here relative to your architecture and the platform. I'm curious if you can kind of maybe stitch the back half together and how you see it at a 40,000-foot view.

Yeah. I don't know how accurate my crystal ball is. But I think that -- I wouldn't say that it feels like things are improving. It feels like things are plateauing. Q1 was really hard. The fact that we had in one quarter sales cycles increase 20% was a very big and frightening occurrence. And I think that, we were pretty early in earning seasons to call that, that there was a real concern across IT buyers, but that got reflected by many companies that came after us. What we saw in Q2 was that sales cycles returned back to be more in line with what we were seeing last year in 2022. 2022 was still elevated in the several years, prior to that. So what it feels like to me is that we're in for a grind. And, not Cloudflare in particular, but across the entire economy. And that that grind is going to be hard, but I think it's it is actually serving us quite well because it's forcing us towards operational excellence. And across our entire team, people are digging in, they're working hard, and they're making sure that every process is as efficient as possible. And I think that you're right. One of the things that is unique about us versus a number of others is, as we look at our products that we've been able to achieve very high gross margins, I think that's the best -- one of the best indicators that we have a really differentiated platform. And as customers are looking for ways to consolidate their vendors, to find how to get more ROI out of everything they're doing, they are turning to us, and our team is ready, and we have the right products. And so I think the grind that's ahead is actually something that -- it's going to be hard, but it's something that I think I'm looking forward to, and we're going to become a better company as a result of it.

Thank you.

And we will take our next question from Keith Weiss with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Excellent. Thank you guys for taking the question and definitely glad to hear things are stabilizing. Matt, I still want to dig into, the comment that you made, both in the press release and on the conference call about, Workers and Cloudflare being a really good platform for inference. Can you talk to us about sort of the underlying technical why of -- why you think? It's still pretty early days with these technologies, and we're trying to figure out how inference plays out over time. So, I think your view would be helpful to the overall kind of industry conversation as well as the Cloudflare conversation on why you guys are well positioned. And then the follow-up is for Thomas. Whenever we hear inference, we're thinking that this is GPU intensive and computing intensive type stuff and typically lower gross margin. It sounds like you're pretty comfortable that this isn't impacting the gross margins in the near term. Is that just because it's still relatively early days and relatively small volumes, or should we be thinking that this could, as this ramps, this could potentially have a bigger gross margin impact over time? Thank you.

So, Keith, I appreciate both questions. They're really, really important to understand the advantages that we have in this space. So first of all, what are the challenges with inference? And I think there are really two. One seems like a bigger deal and is probably actually not as big a deal. And the other doesn't seem like it's a bigger deal, but it is a really big deal. And in both, I think that they, shape how we think the inference market is going to work out. So the one that kind of feels like it's a bigger deal is around performance, which is that if you're playing with the various generative AI companies, if you're trying to do something, that wait time between when you submit a query and when you get back a response, that's going to become a bigger and bigger differentiator between different AI platforms. And so anything that you can do in order to make that performance as fast as possible is advantageous. And one of the ways to do that is to move the actual inference as close as possible to the person who's requesting it. And so, again, we think that inference will primarily be done on device or very close to where the end user is, inside the network. We won't get, again, if the ball is bouncing across street, you want that inference to be done on the device, on the driverless car itself. So we won't win every inference task. But there will be a lot that makes sense to be running in the network where we have, again, almost infinite network capacity, almost infinite storage and memory and very, very significant, CPU and GPU resources to be able to run those inference tasks. That I actually think will be the lesser of the two advantages, for us. The larger one, which again doesn't feel like it's a bigger deal, but we're already seeing it play out some of the regulatory efforts that are happening around the world is that a lot of times for these inference tasks, the data that there is very private. People and governments want that to stay as close to the actual end user as possible. So we've already seen action in Italy that has restricted the use of certain AI tools because it sends data out of the country. What Cloudflare can uniquely do because we're positioned across more than 250 cities worldwide, we are in the vast majority of countries worldwide is that we can actually process that information locally. So again, we think that on device we are very close to where the user is on Cloudflare’s network, is going to be the place where inference going to take place. I'll take a quick stab at your second question as well and then hand it off to Thomas for anything that he would add. [Technical Difficulty]

One clarification. So in that world view, you, it sounds like you think we're going to see more kind of smaller open source and distribution of a lot of very small model versus, like, a world view that everything is going to come up into a big GPT or LaMDA model over time. Is that correct?

Not necessarily, but we run enough capacity see out at the edge of our network that we can run fairly large, I mean, very large models out at our network. And what I think is a little bit confusing is most of, if you're trying to do the training of the models, then having the absolute latest, greatest GPU, the H100 from Nvidia right now, there's a lot of constraint in getting those chips. But there's actually a sweet spot for inference tasks, which isn't necessarily at the absolute cutting edge of the models. And so Cloudflare is not the right place to actually process the training of models. That's -- that makes much more sense to do in a more traditional, centralized data center model, much like much of the traditional hyper scale public clouds. And in those cases, you have to have the latest, greatest GPUs. But when you're doing inference, again, a lot of that's going to run on your device. And a lot of that is also going to run inside the network. And we're going to be able to, with a much lower capex spend, leverage the edge of our network, in order to be able to do that processing extremely efficiently. And maybe we don't need the H100. Maybe we can live within A100 or you know, whatever is, again, a generation or two behind. But that's also the difference between training and inference. An inference doesn't need necessarily the latest greatest GPU. Does that make sense?

Yeah, super helpful. Thank you.

Keith, what I would add is, I always remind people to truly understand the competitive mode of Cloudflare and the efficiency of there, the business model. You have to start with a network and how it's efficiently targeted using off-the-shelf hardware, completely integrated homogeneous software stack that allows you to run every product on every server and every location. So if this now massive globally distributed network that is not only efficiently designed to hard to handle large volumes of data, but also large volumes of simultaneous requests. And that makes it already today very well suited for inference tasks, which by nature often works to processing a request simultaneously. So -- and it requires less computational power than the training model. So I think the architecture of the network itself puts us in this really advantageous position. And that's why we are so confident that the business model is going to hold, and it's one of the reasons why we're able to -- AI’s CapEx ratio down for the year despite the fact that AI workloads are putting -- are being put more and more on our network. So you really have to, as I always say, go back and really send the efficient architecture of the network itself, and you'll find the answer there.

Excellent. Super interesting guys. Thank you.

And we will take our next question from Andrew Nowinski with Wells Fargo. Your line is open.

Okay. Thank you. And congrats on another, great quarter. I wanted to shift gears and ask about Zero Trust. Is there any more details you could provide on record Zero Trust contract you talked about and whether that was a displacement of another vendor and maybe why they selected Cloudflare. And then I have a quick follow-up. Thank you.

Sure. I think that in almost all of the Zero Trust deals that we see, we are at least in competition with, some of the first generation Zero Trust vendors. In many of them, it's -- they are -- there's an incumbent vendor, and we are displacing them. Usually, when that happens, it's because the usability of the existing Zero Trust vendor has been really bad. It's crazy that with the some of the leading Zero Trust vendors, if you try to use your laptop when you're on a United Airlines Wi-Fi flight, that the captive portal on United Airlines doesn't work. That -- that's obviously unacceptable -- maybe that was acceptable in the pandemic when no one was traveling, but now that people are traveling, that's something that just doesn't hold up anymore. And so I think the thing that has been an advantage of Cloudflare is that because we almost think of ourselves at times as a consumer company and we have a Zero Trust product that you can download to your phone right now and use 1.1.1.1, that is been running on so many millions of devices. And as we work with device manufacturers to actually build our network directly into their application. Those things give us visibility to be able to focus on performance, to be able to focus on end user experience, and to be able to directly replace oftentimes, what have been those sort of first generation, Zero Trust vendors that frankly don't have the same user experience and the same performance. And so, in many of these cases, in all the cases, we’re at least competing with the other more traditional Zero Trust vendors. And in many cases now, we're displacing them.

That's great. Thank you, Matthew. And then as a follow-up, I think most people assume that Microsoft's new Entrust solutions will be targeted at that SMB sector at the lower end of the market, but that is a market that I think Cloudflare can also console serve. So I'm just wondering what you're seeing in terms of competition with the new Entrust solutions.

Yeah. That's my sense of how Microsoft is thinking about this. And in fact, Microsoft's long been a really great partner of ours. And specifically in even their announcements of this, we looked for ways to actually highlight the part of the market that's the SMB market. But, we're not satisfied just winning the SMB market. We're winning some of the enterprises. And I think the biggest enterprises that have the most interest here. And so I think Microsoft has been a partner to Cloudflare. We are directly integrated into their Edge browser. The network that we have delivers them very unique benefits, but we also respect them as a competitor. And so I think what we have as an advantage is that network, a network that they use themselves but it's something where, over time, I think their entry into the market has just validated the market. It's defined it, and we look forward to competing in the places that we do and co-operating in any other places where we don't. And what we see is that, what customers really want is a network provider that can protect your front door and your back door. What customers really understand is that there's a reason that we have accountants and auditors, and those are separate things. And that -- what customers really want is they want a solution that works across not just one vendor's products, but the entire IT stack. And I think that's what we see time and time again as the reason why customers are selecting Cloudflare Zero Trust solutions.

That’s great. Thank you very much.

And we will take our question from Mark Murphy with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Thank you, and I’ll add my congrats. Matthew, can you elaborate on your vision for how Cloudflare can protect companies from leaking sensitive data out and maybe having some of that land inside a generative AI model. What kind of opportunity do you see? And since that traffic to Microsoft and OpenAI is so tremendous in that area, and you have the partnerships there that you've mentioned, is there a role you can play directly to try to help control some of the data flows in that Azure OpenAI service?

Yeah, I think that, this is an area that -- we really listened to what customers' concerns were and built a product that specifically addresses the concern that you're highlighting. Because it's one that is on the mind of just about every GC and CISO that's out there. And that is that -- whether they're telling their employers or not, the best data is that almost half of Workers that in knowledge industry companies are using AI in one way or another in their jobs. And the risk with AI is that if you send a piece of information up to one of these models, it gets incorporated in the same way that, if your two-year-old hears a bad word, it's really hard to get them to unlearn that thing. And so the key is really making sure that the data doesn't actually leave. And so what we've created is leveraging our existing data loss protection products, the DLP products, and making them specific to tag data in such a way that you can say, here's a piece of information, maybe it's from our marketing website. I am totally fine with that going out to the public, Zero Trust -- actually, not Zero Trust, out to this public AI vendors and being able to train on that. In fact, it's great if they're trained on my marketing messages. Here's another piece of information which is much more sensitive, where maybe I'm going to restrict that specifically to my own internal or sandboxed solutions that are the AI training models for that. And then maybe there's something else, that sort of cliche example is the secret formula of Coca Cola or maybe what all of your internal pay schemes are. Maybe that you don't ever want to get out to anything. And so we've used our DLP solutions in order to specifically address the concern that CISOs and general councils have about data leaking out. And what we think that that can do is over time add not only those controls, but then start to add things like this particular task has a certain value, so I'm going to send that to maybe GPT 3.5 rather than GPT 4 to save money on that. And so we think that because of the position we're in, because so much of the AI universe relies on us, that it puts us in a great position to not only provide security to the AI companies, but also provide security to anyone who is using AI in their business, and so we can benefit from both sides of the equation.

Thank you. It's extremely helpful.

And we will take our final question from Alex Henderson with Needham. Your line is open.

Great. Thanks so much. I was hoping you could talk a little bit about the fairly massive change in tone between the 1Q call and the current call, which highlights an improvement in pretty much every metric that you track? And specifically maybe call out some of the differences between various geographies, whether the improvement was in large enterprise, was it also in the mid-market and the SMB market? Can you give us some granularity as to where that tone is changing, because ultimately, you've called out that you're, one of the advanced [indiscernible] over the last year. And if, you're seeing that change in inflection and tone, would love to know where it is coming from?

Yeah, Alex. I'll start and then Thomas will have some more. I think that -- I think that Q1 was scary, because having a 20% increase in your sales cycle in a single quarter, I mean, we've seen sort of a -- or something around that, around 20% of an increase, but over the entire course of 2022. And so when that then spiked in Q1, what we didn't know was whether that was going to -- whether we were going to be another 20% longer in sales cycles in Q2. And thankfully, that's not what happened. It came back down. But again, I wouldn't say that it's come back down to a point where we feel super optimistic and -- about the macro. I think the macro still very hard and that the next period of time is going to be a grind. But it is -- we didn't have the same just explosive expansion in sales cycles that I think we and a lot of other peers in the industry saw in Q1. And so I think that's what -- that has been, that's what led to the conservatism that we had in Q1. And I think that that returning to something, which, again, is still elevated, but not, but is back to what we were seeing in Q -- or around what we're seeing in Q4, that is, I think that's the primary driver at least from my perspective in terms of what -- maybe is what you put it as a as a more optimistic tone.

Any sense of -- specifically any verticals or any categories or geographies, or any size business, that changed most dramatically?

Let me give you some more color. We saw a lot -- we saw forward improvement. We talked about this. We also saw a lot of inconsistencies in this -- in the environment that made it much harder to predict what the second half is going to carry. APAC was very promising as we said before, we saw a lot of very large deals, especially coming from APAC. The European business was very much security driven and very encouraging, probably because of the very specific geopolitical situation Europe is in. And then the Americas were more muted in general. We saw very specific, performance, really good performance in the Middle East, but also in South America, and North America was probably more muted than anything else. Vertical wise, there's not a lot to talk about it. But it was very consistent performance I would say. There's not one vertical that I would pick out in terms of overall underperformance.

Great. Thank you so much.

Ladies and gentlemen, I would now like to turn the conference back to Matthew Prince for closing remarks.

Just want to take a second to thank everyone at Cloudflare. Again, as the macro environment continues to be challenging, I'm proud of how our team has stepped up and executed towards operational excellence. Everyone is working incredibly hard to help live up to our mission of helping build a better internet. So thank you to all the Cloudflare employees, to all of our customers and to all of the investors and we really appreciate everything that you're doing for us.

And ladies and gentlemen, this concludes today's call, and we thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.