Good day, and welcome to the Reinsurance Group of America Second Quarter 2021 Results Conference Call. Today's call is being recorded. At this time, I would like to introduce Mr. Todd Larson, Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; and Ms. Anna Manning, President and Chief Executive Officer. Please go ahead, Mr. Larson.

Thank you. Good morning, and welcome to RGA's Second Quarter 2021 Conference Call. With me this morning on the call is Anna Manning, RGA's President and Chief Executive Officer; Alain Néemeh, Chief Operating Officer; Leslie Barbi, our Chief Investment Officer; Jonathan Porter, Chief Risk Officer; and Jeff Hopson, Head of Investor Relations. We will discuss the second quarter results after a quick reminder about forward-looking information and non-GAAP financial measures. Following our prepared remarks, we'll be happy to take your questions. Some of our comments or answers to your questions may contain forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from expected results. Please refer to the earnings release we issued yesterday for a list of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expected results. Additionally, during the course of this call, information we provide may include non-GAAP financial measures. Please see our earnings release, earnings presentation, quarterly financial supplement and website for a discussion of these terms and reconciliations to GAAP measures. And now, I'll turn the call over to Anna for her comments.

Thank you, Todd. Good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining our call today. Last night, we reported adjusted operating earnings per share of $4. I am very pleased with these results, as we delivered an excellent quarter even in the face of continuing COVID-19 claims. The COVID-19 impact in the quarter was material although at much reduced levels than in the first quarter. And notably, the performance of the rest of our business was more than enough to absorb these costs and deliver the strong quarter we had. This quarter, once again, provides evidence of the strength of our underlying earnings power, the value of our diversified business and the resilience of our global platform. I am also very proud of the way that the RGA team has responded during the pandemic. Our client-centric solution-oriented approach, combined with disciplined execution has proven itself over time and served us well. This strategy helps us compete and win. In the quarter, we were very active and successful on new business opportunities in both our organic business and on in-force block transactions. Turning to some of the highlights of the quarter. Our GFS business performed extremely well across all our regions and lines of business. In the quarter, we deployed $200 million into in-force transactions, including the Modern Woodmen transaction that we publicly announced. The transaction pipeline remains very with opportunities in all our regions. Our Traditional business also performed well overall. As COVID-19 claims were significantly reduced and non-COVID-19 experience was at or better than our expectations across all our segments. The U.S. individual mortality business had a good quarter as the COVID-19 impact was lower than expected and non-COVID-19 experience was in line with our expectations. The U.S. Group and U.S. Individual Health businesses, both performed above our expectations. Overall…

Thanks, Anna. RGA reported $361 million of pre-tax adjusted operating income for the quarter and adjusted operating earnings per share of $4, which includes a negative COVID-19 impact of $1.44 per share. Our trailing 12 months adjusted operating return on equity is 5.7% which was net of COVID-19 impacts of 6.9%. These results are evidence of the strength of our underlying earnings power and resilience of our global platform as Anna highlighted in her remarks. Consolidated premiums increased 11% in the quarter and 7% on a constant currency basis. In the US, the underlying growth in premiums was solid and this segment also benefited from a modification of the treaty renewal. The EMEA segment premium growth reflects good new business wins, and in Asia we have started to see new business activity pick up. Australia premiums declined from a combination of actions on underperforming treaties and remaining selective on new business opportunities. The effective tax rate on pre-tax adjusted operating income was 24% for the quarter, in line with our expected range of 23% to 24%. Turning to the segment results listed on Slides 7 and 8 of our earnings presentation, starting with the U.S. segment. The U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment had a very good quarter absorbing COVID-19 claims cost of approximately $57 million. Let me provide a little more detail on the results. For U.S. individual mortality, approximately $45 million of claim costs were attributed to COVID-19 which was below the range for our rules of thumb based on the number of general population deaths. This was primarily due to a lower average size of the COVID-19 claims. Non-COVID-19 claims were in line with expectations and it was a fairly straightforward quarter in terms of large claims experience. The U.S. Group and Individual Health businesses both performed…

Thanks, Todd. As shown on slide 5, COVID-19 claim costs of $168 million decreased significantly in the quarter as vaccination roll-outs continued and general population deaths in our major markets were down materially from their Q1 peak levels. The U.S., U.K. and Canada accounted for just over 50% of COVID 19 claim costs this quarter. This is a lower proportion of the total than in prior quarters, but was expected given the relative levels of vaccinations in these markets. The balance of our global COVID-19 claim costs were driven by higher general population deaths in India and South Africa. As the impact of vaccinations is becoming better understood and claims data continues to develop, we are updating our estimated rules of thumb for future claim costs. In the U.S., we have updated the models to reflect the relative progress of vaccination programs as well as consideration of our claims experience. This has resulted in a lowering of our U.S. range for future claim costs of $10 million to $20 million for every 10,000 general population deaths. We're also widening our estimated ranges to $10 million to $20 million for Canada and $4 million to $8 million for the U.K. These adjustments reflect emerging claims experience, the possibility of more relative quarterly variability as population deaths decrease due to vaccination progress and the weakening of the US dollar since we set rules of thumb last year. Our longevity experience was favorable this quarter with a pre-tax benefit of $38 million. This was driven primarily by lag reporting in the U.K. where our longevity business is concentrated reflecting higher COVID 19 general population deaths from prior quarters. Given the success of the U.K vaccination program and the expectation of low COVID-19 deaths through the rest of the year, we would expect to see more modest longevity benefits in future quarters. Real world data is consistently demonstrating that vaccines are highly effective at preventing severe outcomes and death through COVID-19 variance. We believe this will continue to drive lower general population mortality and therefore lower claim costs in the U.S., U.K. and Canada. This has been demonstrated with the recent Delta variant surge in the U.K. where daily case counts were close to the prior wave peak but deaths were less than 10% of the prior high point. In our markets with lower vaccination levels like India and South Africa, we would expect to see some continuation of COVID-19 claims, but we believe at manageable levels given the mature -- sorry given the nature and size of our business in those countries. We also expect the impact of future waves will be dampened as vaccination levels continue to rise in these markets. I'll hand it back to Todd.

Thank you, Jonathan. Before opening it up for questions, I would like to mention that we will hold a Virtual Investor Meeting on December 9 and hope to have you join us for that discussion. With that, we'll now open it up for questions.

. We will now take our first question from Jimmy Bhullar of JPMorgan. Please go ahead.

Hi, good morning. So first, I just had a question on your announcement of resuming buybacks, should we assume buybacks in the 3rd quarter or are you waiting for the pandemic to abate further before you start doing it, and any sort of color on the magnitude of potential buybacks over the next year would be helpful as well.

Okay. Jimmy, we've -- if you look at our history, we've always followed a prudent and balanced capital management approach over time, we don't try to fine tune capital quarter to quarter. We're in a very long-term business, and that's also how we view -- how we manage the company, including capital and I think if you look at our history as well we've done a pretty balanced job in deploying capital into in-force transactions when we'd like the liabilities and you can get an appropriate return on the transactions, funding our organic growth, maintaining nice stream of dividends year after year and then balancing it out with share repurchases. While we're not out of the pandemic yet, we are more confident as Jonathan was mentioning that the vaccines are protecting more against hospitalizations and ultimate deaths, which is a good sign, we feel we've got a strong earnings power across our various business segments. So we are comfortable at this time lifting the share repurchase suspension and we'll continue to manage capital over time as we view those different alternatives and consider other items.

But you're not willing to comment on whether or not you'll do buybacks in the 3rd quarter or when you will actually resume activity.

I wouldn't say we have a definitive time at this point.

Okay. And then on the...

Jimmy. Can I just add a couple of comments, please? Yes, I would just reiterate we feel good about our business. We're committed to the balanced capital management approach that Todd outlined where we're going to look for the best and the most valuable use of our capital and that's going to include share buybacks over time. We've demonstrated that if you go back and look at our approach, I think, we've done a good job and we expect to do that going forward.

Yes, I would, because the reason is you did raise equity and in addition to having that capital you've been profitable throughout the pandemic on not every quarter, but overall and I doubt that there is any new business opportunity that has that type of ROE or return that your buybacks would -- that you would get from buybacks at the current stock price. But the other reason I was asking is, you have resumed -- resumed, I would assume means that you're going to -- or lifting the suspension would mean that you're going to start buying back as opposed to just starting to evaluate potential buyback. So, I wasn't sure where you stood in that respect. Well, but the other question I had -- go on.

No, no, please. Your other question?

Okay. Yes, I was just going to ask on India, you had I think $51 million you mentioned in claims. Should we assume that there is a fairly high IBNR component in there, because, or is it just the actual claims that were submitted to you and the reason for asking that is, that should your losses in India follow what's going on in the market in terms of mortality or is there a lag to where even if mortality begin or once mortality begins to improve you will show an improvement later, just given the reporting lag.

Yes. Hi, Jimmy. This is Jonathan. So that $51 million includes IBNR, it's about 60% or so of that $51 million is IBNR, so we have not full claims reporting yet. So as you mentioned, the idea with the IBNR is we accrue up to claims that we think we've incurred, but have not been reported yet as of the end of the quarter. So we're trying to sync that up with what's happening in the general population.

We'll take our next question from Humphrey Lee of Dowling and Partners. Please go ahead.

Good morning and thank you for taking my questions. My first question is related to U.S. and Latin America Traditional. If we were to add back the COVID related impact earnings would have been $190 million. Clearly a meaningful portion of the favorable VII would be in this segment. But just can you talk about and size the other favorability that you had in the quarter.

Humphrey, it's Todd. Yes, we saw some really favorability, you mentioned the variable income and certainly, that was a portion of it. But we also saw it in our the group and individual health line as well. Remember, the group line is the line we went through a pretty comprehensive repricing exercise a couple of years ago. We might have lost a little bit of new business, but the profitability has continued to be good. So really, it was across the board and a piece of it was the variable investment income. Alain Néemeh: And Todd. This is Alain. Sorry, I was just going to add, important to note, I think, our ex-COVID our U.S. Individual claims performance was good, which sort of continues a string of pretty good quarters after the COVID.

I was just wondering, can you size the -- I guess, the benefit for the VII and the Group and health benefits?

Yes, the VII, these are rough numbers probably, but it was probably for the traditional business, it was probably in the neighborhood of $40 million, $42 million or so. And that's pretax, above what we would say the average run rate would be. Alain Néemeh : And then I think Group and Individual Health were somewhere in the $10 million to $15 million range.

That's helpful. And then my second question is while I understand maybe a little premature, but can you just talk about the outlook for potential COVID-19 impact for the third quarter especially for the countries that you don't have -- you don't provide sensitivity like South Africa and India?

Yes. Humphrey, it's Jonathan. So obviously, we continue to closely monitor the spread of the Delta variant. But as we mentioned, we're pretty optimistic that the success of vaccination programs will result in maintaining that effectiveness against severe outcome and death. So far this quarter, the general population deaths in the U.S., the U.K. and Canada remained at relatively modest levels. Again, that example of the U.K. demonstration of case counts are not as closely linked to mortality as we've seen in the past. So we also believe that based on socioeconomic data in the U.S. that the insurance population take-up rate of vaccinations is likely a little bit higher than the general population, which is part of the reason why we've lowered our rules at come. For India and South Africa, the vaccination rates are lower, so we still expect to see some impact in the coming quarters. India right now, the daily deaths are in the general population are about 15% of what they were at the peak of the prior wave, which is good for this quarter. South Africa case counts were going up at the end of the quarter. They appear to have peaked in early July and are coming down now from the most recent ways and deaths also seemed to have peaked at about 75% of what they were in the past. So again, those are good signs in those markets as well. And again, given the nature and size of our business in those markets, we think that future claims will still be at a manageable level for us.

We'll take our next question from Andrew Kligerman of Credit Suisse

Just staying on that topic, and I think earlier in the call, I heard you mention that despite the delta variant vaccinations should prevent deaths. Maybe you could elaborate a little bit more on that. It seems like you're very confident in 1 company earlier kind of upped its estimate for mortality claims. So just maybe a little more color around the delta variants and what you're seeing globally?

Yes. Sure, Andrew. So again, when we look at there's multiple studies, not just 1 set of data. So there's the real-life example I mentioned from the U.K., but data from Public Health England, New England Journal of Medicine, the CDC reporting that's recently come out at the end of July. They all point to very high degrees of effectiveness still for the vaccinations against the Delta variant. So again, we think that will make the -- or limit or dampen the impact of higher case counts just because the mortality should be quite a bit reduced. And again, as we talked about already, too, in markets with lower vaccination levels, there will be more potential for those variants to have a larger impact, although another thing to keep in mind is that India has gone through the Delta wave, already or the first Delta wave. So that's not yet to come there. And we do think that the increasing levels of vaccinations in those countries, even though they are low at this point, we'll keep improving and will result in a dampened effect as well in the future.

Andrew, if I could just add a comment. Yes. Maybe to add one other comment, Andrew, in terms of our business and how -- what we're seeing out there translates into our business, very complex lots of factors underwriting, socioeconomic. And what other companies are seeing is going to very much depend on the nature of their underlying business, whether it's individual or whether it's group. So I wouldn't draw too direct a line between those 2.

Great. Very, very helpful. And then with regard to overall premium growth, very robust net premium growth of 11%. But then probably if you adjust for FX and some other unusuals, maybe it was 4%, which is still very good premium growth. Could you talk about each of your key regions and what kind of premium growth you're expecting over the near and intermediate term? Alain Néemeh : Andrew, it's Alain Néemeh. Why don't I take a stab at that? Maybe I'll talk a little bit about business volumes as opposed to premium growth just because of -- there's a lot of factors that impact premium growth, as you mentioned, foreign currency. There's also lumpiness in client reporting at times. There's also the type of structure on which we reinsure, for example, whether it's YRT or coinsurance, but generally speaking, I think if we sort of go around the world, we're feeling pretty good about our business. Certainly, in the U.S., we're seeing a meaningful uptick in our production numbers. Now whether that's I'll say, pent-up demand coming through or a new level of sustained activity, I think, remains to be seen, but we're certainly seeing better production at the direct company level, and that's translating into better reinsurance production for us. Canada, again, a similar story to the U.S. where we've got very good business production coming through, and that's reflected in reinsurance. In Asia, I think Todd alluded to it in his comments. We are seeing some good activity there. I think in the sort of Hong Kong, China region, there's still -- we're still a little bit down in terms of production numbers, but -- and it's mainly because a lot of our business in Hong Kong is Chinese mainlanders that come across. But generally speaking, good new business. I think there's room to do more. In EMEA, we're seeing good production levels and maybe the only area where still a little bit cautious is in Australia, where we're looking to see some rehabilitation in product terms and conditions, which, by the way, I should add, we're expecting to see later this year. The regulator there has come out with defined terms and conditions on individual business. And that takes hold October 1. And so we're starting to see evidence of signs of change there. So all in all, and I think Anna mentioned earlier, just from a GFS standpoint, right across the board, good level of activity, certainly, good deals done in the first half of the year. And all in all, as I would say, some strong optimism for production in the next half of the year.

We'll now take our next question from Eric Bass of Autonomous Research.

Just wanted to come back to the U.S. asset intensive segment. I think, Todd, you talked about $60 million to $65 million still being kind of a normal earnings run rate for that segment. I'm just wondering, should that move a little bit higher over time given the Modern Woodmen transaction, as that earns in?

Yes. So again, it was a very strong quarter for the U.S. Asset-Intensive segment for the reasons we went through. I guess one thing we didn't touch upon in the comments is that we also have over time amortization of the existing portfolio because that annuity blocks run down over time and that can be 5% to 10% a year, so it's a very rough estimate. So adding the transaction we did this last quarter helps offset some of that natural amortization over time. So again, a very strong quarter. But as we look through it, very pleased with the result, but still feel, at least sitting here right now, that $60 million to $65 million, there's probably a reasonable estimate and hopefully, we'll come at the high end and beat it.

Got it. And then maybe if you could talk a little bit about the outlook for the transactional environment in the second half of the year. Obviously, a good start to the year with $300 million deployed. But if you can talk about what level types of activity you're seeing? And I guess, thinking both from RGA's perspective, but also if there's anything that kind of falls into Langhorne's wheelhouse?

Yes, let me, let me address that question. So I'd start by saying pipelines are very good in all our regions. Starting maybe with the Asia region asset Intensive pipeline, the pipeline is good. You saw that in our first quarter, the deal that we completed in the first quarter within that region. We are seeing a few more competitors there, but we believe we have some advantages, which can help us win and are helping us win. We have long-standing relationships as we've been in those markets for many, many years, that also means that we're familiar with and we understand the products, the risks, the regulatory environment. Some competitors are still getting operational in some of these markets, so we think -- we think we're well positioned there. In the U.S., the asset intensive pipeline is also very good. Competition is strong and there are a lot more competitors there. Deal sizes vary. As you saw in the second quarter with the announced deal that we did where we may not fair share. We're also working on the Langhorne deal, so specifically to your question. And we're optimistic about completing Langhorne transactions. And then -- and on the longevity and opportunities, again pipeline is good. In the U.K., Netherlands, there are some sizable transactions. There are competitors. But again, we feel good about the business because in part our underwriting expertise -- and they're really part of the sweet spot of deals that we focus on. So I would say, again, we feel good about the business and we're optimistic as we look forward.

Thanks. And you didn't touch on kind of biometric pipeline, some mortality, morbidity, are you seeing blocks there? It does seem like there is more interest at least in the U.S. from some companies in terms of transacting legacy life block.

Yes, I should have added that you're exactly right. There are deals and sizable deals with underlying insurance risks, again from -- you need more than just the asset expertise on those blocks, you really need the underwriting expertise and we are very strong in that respect.

We'll take our next question from John Barnidge of Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.

Thank you. The delayed longevity benefits certainly seems to derive in the second quarter. Is there any way to get a sense for average date of deaths for that longevity benefit that occurred, just to get a sense of how we should think about in the third quarter? Thank you.

Yes, hi, John, this is Jonathan. I don't have an exact number to give you as far as dates go, but I think it's fair to say that generally speaking the experience we're seeing in this quarter is probably lagged about 4 to 5 months on average. So most of the experience in Q2 would have been from reporting in Q4 and Q1.

Okay, great. And then can you talk about, you talked about group health and individual health that there have been some favorable claims tailwinds and that was repriced in 2019. Can you talk about the expectations around durability of that? Do you view any of that changing claims behavior is somewhat semi-permanent in nature?

Yes, John, it’s Todd. No, that business does -- generally repriced on an annual basis or so, so we can stay close to the claims trends and adjust accordingly. But we think it's a very -- overall good block of business and as we continue to monitor, we should be able to adjust any trends over time.

John. Maybe I'll just add a comment, I think it's fair to say that some of the benefits is potentially a reflection of the deferral of care in our medical line, although it is net of COVID related medical and cost and group life costs, but overall we feel the majority of the performance is really that reflection of the actions we took in the last couple of years and more durable.

We'll take our next question from Ryan Krueger of KBW. Please go ahead.

Hi, thanks, good morning. I just was hoping for a little more detail on the U.S. COVID claims in the quarter. Particularly, can you give us any sense of like the average age of the claimants in the quarter and is that I guess relative to prior quarters and is that the main driver of the lower average claim size, is the decline in average rate?

Yes, sorry, I don't have that at my fingertips, maybe something we can follow up with. But, yes, I think the number, how it's translated through to a lower average claim size is really the driver. So we're seeing in the current quarter, our COVID cause of death claims are about 35% or so lower in size than what we've seen in the past. So we don't know whether that's the start of -- or is a change that will persist or if it's just something that is some volatility in the quarter, but that's something that we'll obviously continue to monitor as we think about our rules of thumb going forward.

Thanks, second question was, in the past you've shied away, I think from coinsuring universal life with secondary guarantees. Are you -- would you be interested in block transaction there at this point, are you still more cautious on that line?

We -- I would say that we constantly are looking at opportunities and the example I'll offer up is LTC. We watch that market. We didn't participate because we just felt that the risk-reward profile at that time just didn't fit, but over time that moved and we entered the market and I think we've done a very good job and that business has been very valuable for us, that's how I think about questions like the one you've just posed. It's a constant reevaluation because conditions change. And if we see conditions in the market that we feel are appropriate and that's the right levels for us, we will engage.

Thanks, and quick last one, do you have an updated view of the Asia Pacific run rate earnings you'd expect if we -- if we exclude COVID impact.

Excluding COVID on the Traditional side, I think that $40 million to $45 million pre-tax quarterly rates good. And then on the, so the Financial Solutions side, which is doing quite well. $15 million, maybe $15 million to $20 million as we go forward, but we'll see how the activity goes.

We'll take our next question from Tom Gallagher of Evercore. Please go ahead.

Just a question on U.S. Traditional. Can you comment on how individual mortality compared to the -- your Group business has been performing -- Group Life business has been performing? Have you seen a noticeable change in trend between those two? What we've seen from some others is, it seems like almost all of the claims are coming through on the group side now, and it's not nearly as much of a COVID impact for individual and just curious if you're seeing the same thing. And then relatedly, can you provide some clarity on the mix of individual in-force versus group in-force?

Yes, hi, this is Jonathan. I can just give you some historical context, what we've seen on the group and individual side. So for us by far the larger component that we've seen inception to-date through the pandemic is on the individual business. So over 90% of our U.S. mortality claims are in the individual line and less than 10% would be in the group space that relationship hasn't really changed materially over the course of the pandemic so far.

Got it. Have you, but on an underlying basis, if you look at 2Q results was there a noticeable change in trend for COVID claims that were group versus individual or is your answer -- should we just take the answer at face value and say, you haven't really seen a change in trend between the two?

Yes, that's right. If I look at the split for Q2 on its own, it's still that 90-10 is approximately the same. Yes.

Okay. And the -- just in terms of the COVID hotspots internationally, it sounds like you're feeling better overall about how you see that developing. Are there any areas -- we see Latin America seems to be still running on the high side, some emerging growth countries in Asia also seem to be a bit elevated. Can you just talk a little bit about, are there any other regions that are kind of on your watch list outside of India and South Africa, which both sound like they're getting better?

Yes, yes, no, happy to and first off, I'll say that all of our regions are always on our watch list, but at this time, we don't have any significant concerns outside of the 5 markets that we've talked about U.S., U.K., Canada, India and South Africa. So if I look at Latin America, as an example about 90% of our business there is annually renewable and a large component of it is health-related. We've been averaging less than $5 million a quarter over the last 5 quarters of COVID costs. And then just looking at Southeast Asia, so on particular Malaysian Indonesia as an example where we're seeing higher general population deaths, Indonesia our mortality exposure is very small as a lot of our business there is morbidity-related. Malaysia is about 1% or so of our global mortality exposure. It's a relatively young book of business, so only 1% of our businesses over the age of 65 in Malaysia and vaccination rates are climbing steadily there which is a good sign as well, so they are now about 45% with one dose and 23% fully vaccinated in Malaysia, which should help dampen future impacts as well.

We'll take our next question from Mike Ward of UBS, please go ahead.

Thanks, good morning. I just had a question on vaccinations overall. I was wondering if you have any data on the new mortalities -- COVID mortalities still coming in and whether or not they had been vaccinated. On the other side of that, the remaining population that isn't vaccinated or doesn't want to get vaccinated, at least in the U.S, I think that demographic is may be less likely to have life insurance in the first place. Just trying to think about the geography of your remaining COVID mortality exposure relative to the parts of the country that are more or less vaccinated?

Yes, yes, no, happy to give a few thoughts there. So we don't have vaccination status on deaths that we get, so that’s not enough information we have. We can look at external sources of data, again that the CDC study that I mentioned before, it's pretty clearly showing that there is a very high level of efficacy and very low level of death or mortality for people who have been vaccinated. So I think the numbers are something like 163 million people have been vaccinated and to date there's only been 6,600 people that have been in the hospital or have died who have been fully vaccinated. So that just gives you a sense of the magnitude of the difference in numbers there for sure. And sorry I just -- I think I probably forgot the second part of your question. Could you just repeat it?

Yes, no, I guess just geographically in the U.S., it seems like there is lower vaccination rates in the South of the Southeast and wondering about your...

Yes. So from a geographic perspective, there's not that much difference sort of in our book versus the U.S. population but we do think socioeconomically, there will be a benefit from when you mentioned that our insured people more likely to be vaccinated, there are studies that we've seen some other direct study that looks at insured vaccination levels but things that correlate vaccination rates to education level which is correlated to socioeconomic and also the likelihood to have insurance do demonstrate that you know that it is more likely that we believe that people who have insurance will be more vaccinated. And again that's partly impacting our reduction in our rule of thumb that we're seeing as well.

Great, thanks. And then I was just wondering about how this pandemic might change your capital model going forward or your pricing targets for new business. Are you pricing new business under the assumption or recognizing the potential for another more frequent pandemics going forward or is it just too early to tell on that?

Yes, yes, I think the long-term effects it's still a little too early to tell. We're definitely devoting a lot of resources to looking at, multiple categories of things that we believe could affect our future mortality. Absolutely in the short term though, so the current COVID impacts we’re pricing those into all the business that we're actively writing so those are being reflected correctly.

And there are no further questions at this time. I would now like to hand the call back to Mr. Larson for any additional or closing remarks.

Okay, thank you and thank you for everyone for joining us today for our second quarter earnings call, your continued interest in RGA, and we look forward to continue to talk in the future. So thank you very much.

Thank you. That now concludes the call. Thank you for your participation. You may now disconnect.