Good morning. Welcome to the Tronox Holdings plc Q1 2025 Earnings Conference Call. All participants will be in a listen-only mode until the question-and-answer session begins. Following the presentation, we will conduct a question-and-answer session. This call is being recorded. If you have any objections, please disconnect at this time. I would now like to turn the call over to Jennifer Guenther, Chief Sustainability Officer, Head of Investor Relations and External Affairs. Please go ahead.

Thank you, and welcome to our first quarter 2025 conference call and webcast. Turning to Slide 2, on our call today are John Romano, Chief Executive Officer; and John Srivisal, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. We will be using slides as we move through today's call. You can access the presentation on our website at investor.tronox.com. Moving to Slide 3. A friendly reminder that comments made on this call and the information provided in our presentation and on our website include certain statements that are forward-looking and subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the specific factors summarized in our SEC filings. This information represents our best judgment based on what we know today. However, actual results may vary based on these risks and uncertainties. The company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements. During the conference call, we will refer to certain non-GAAP financial terms that we use in the management of our business and believe are useful to investors in evaluating the company's performance. Reconciliations to their nearest U.S. GAAP terms are provided in our earnings release and in the appendix of the accompanying presentation. Additionally, please note that all financial comparisons made during the call are on a year-over-year basis unless otherwise noted. It is now my pleasure to turn the call over to John Romano. John?

Thanks, Jennifer, and good morning, everyone. We'll begin this morning on Slide 4 with some key messages from the quarter. We realized a stronger-than-normal seasonal demand uplift in TiO2 volumes in Q1 with an increase of 12% from the Q4 of 2024. Europe led to sequential growth bolstered by antidumping duties. We are beginning to see the expected benefits from the duties that were finalized in EU in January, resulting in sales volumes recovering to levels not seen since the second quarter of 2021 in Europe. North America also realized stronger seasonable trends while competitive activity in Latin America, The Middle East, and Asia continued to exert pressure on sales. Zircon sales were lower both compared to the prior year and sequentially, due to a slower start in China as expected. Additionally, despite increased competitive dynamics across all products, average pricing for the quarter came in as anticipated, with TiO2 and Zircon both down 2% sequentially. Our production costs in the first quarter were higher than expected, primarily due to lower operating rates at bottling and increases in direct material prices. In response to ongoing macroeconomic volatility, we have taken decisive strategic actions to manage the levers within our control to deliver our cost improvements. Our focus on cost reduction initiatives drove lower SG&A in the quarter. In addition, in March, we announced the difficult decision to idle our bottling pigment plant in The Netherlands. This the decision was a result of an extensive review of our asset footprint driven by the ongoing global supply imbalance caused by Chinese competition as well as an increasingly challenged operating environment over the last two and a half years. We deeply value our commitments to our employees, the employee unions, local works council, and key stakeholders. We appreciate the constructive dialogue and smooth process to date, which is a testament to the professionalism of our employees at the Botlek facility. These measures and actions underscore our commitment to operational efficiency and enhanced earnings. I will review these and other actions in more detail a little bit later in the call. But for now, I'll turn the call over to John to review our financials from the quarter in more detail. John?

Thank you, John. Turning to Slide 5. We generated revenue of $738 million an increase of 9% sequentially, driven primarily by higher TiO2 sales volumes. Loss from operations was $61 million in the quarter. We reported net loss of $111 million which includes $87 million of restructuring and other charges, primarily non-cash costs relating to the idling of Botlek. While our loss before taxes was $106 million. Our tax expense was $5 million in the quarter as we do not realize tax benefits in jurisdictions where we are realizing losses. Adjusted diluted earnings per share was a loss of $0.15. Adjusted EBITDA in the quarter was $112 million and our adjusted EBITDA margin was 15.2%. Our free cash flow was a use of $142 million, including $110 million of capital expenditures. Now, let's move to the next slide for a review of our commercial performance. TiO2 revenues decreased 3% versus the year ago quarter, driven equally by 1% decreases in sales volumes, price including mix, and unfavorable exchange rates. Sequentially, TiO2 revenues increased 10% as a higher-than-typical seasonal demand uplift drove a 12% increase in volumes, led by European demand, as John referenced earlier. This was partially offset by a 2% decrease in average selling prices, including mix. Zircon revenues decreased 22% compared to the prior year, driven by a five per 15% decrease in sales volume and a 7% decrease due to price including mix. Sequentially, Zircon revenues decreased 8%, driven by a 6% decrease in volumes and a 2% headwind from price including mix. Revenue from other products increased 5% compared to the prior year and 25% versus the prior quarter due to higher sales of pig iron and opportunistic sales of ilmenite. Turning to the next slide, I will now review our operating performance for the quarter.…

Thanks, John. We're in a period of highly volatile and challenging times from a macroeconomic perspective. Continued inflation, prolonged high interest rates, and escalating tariffs, to name only a few factors, are driving challenged housing markets and muted consumer sentiment against a backdrop of increasing competitive activity. These factors, however, are outside of our control. We are therefore continuing to maintain our focus on strategic actions to maintain what is within our control. This includes executing on our sustainable cost improvement plan as announced last quarter, strategically evaluating our asset footprint, which led to the announcement of the idling of our Botlek plant in March, and investing capital to complete our South African mining projects that will yield significant cost improvement from 2026 onward. We are continually assessing our capital spend, managing our working capital, and driving continuous cost improvement and disciplined cost management across our entire business. Together, these actions will secure Tronox position as a leading vertically-integrated titanium mining and upgrading producer and underscore our commitment to operational efficiency and enhancing future earnings. Turning to Slide 10. We introduced our cost improvement program last quarter, which is critical to achieving sustainable long-term improvements that will drive structural efficiencies in our business. We expect to deliver $125 million to $175 million in sustainable run rate cost improvements by the end of 2026. The majority of these savings will come from our operations through operational excellence and technology to drive efficiencies and innovation. We are also focused on ensuring our SG&A is aligned to ensure resources are strategically positioned to drive the greatest business impact, and we're already seeing the early wins on this front with reduced spend in this area. The bulk of these cost improvements are expected to be realized next year through the actions we're taking this…

[Operator Instructions]. Our first question comes from Peter Osterland from Truist Securities.

Good morning. Thanks for taking my question. First, I was just wondering if we could get an update on how your expectations for TiO2 volume growth are shaping up this year. I know there's a couple of pieces there with underlying end market demand as well as any above-market growth from winning market share. How is your outlook for the growth you would get this year from each of those evolved over the last few months?

Yes. Thanks for the question. So, from the standpoint of growth, again, we've made reference that as we go through the year, we're going to start to see a lift in the TiO2 demand, and that's largely driven from the duties that are in Europe already on the anti-dumping and the assumptions that we've made with regards to India and Brazil in the second half of the year. So, what we're expecting in India is that, we should have a final result on duty and duties at third week of May. And in June, towards the June, we should have a decision on Brazil. So, the volume that we're seeing as far as growth is largely driven by the duties, in the areas where the anti-dumping is has taken effect. We also saw in first quarter, as I mentioned in the prepared comments, North America and Europe was up significantly. Again, Europe was driven by, largely, the duties, but North America's volume has picked up as it had seasonally. So, it was a good move in North America. Still seeing some competitive activity in Latin America, Asia Pacific, and The Middle East. But as we get into the second half of the year, we are still anticipating to see that growth on the TiO2 demand in the regions that I just referenced.

Very helpful. Thank you. And then, just as a follow-up, could you share the average utilization rate that you're currently running at and expect to run at for 2025 across your TiO2 production footprint excluding the bottling plant?

Yep. So, historically, I think what we've been indicating is our operating rates were north of 80%. And with the closure of the Botlek plant, we would expect to continue to run at or above those rates. As the market continues to pick up, then we'll continue running rates higher than that. And, obviously, we've spent some time preparing for the Botlek outage knowing that, that plant was going to close. We've repositioned inventories to be sure that, we can fill the needs of the European market from other plants.

[Operator Instructions]. Our next question comes from Joshua Spector at UBS Securities. Joshua, please unmute your line and ask your question.

This is James Cannon on for Josh. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to poke on the European growth you saw in the quarter. Can you size what that looked like?

Not in percentage basis, but it was double what we would normally see with regards to growth from Q4 to Q1. It was a significant jump.

Okay. Thank you. And then just as a follow-up to that, as we think about the investigations going on in India and Brazil, knowing that Europe is a much bigger region, can you size the expectations that you have for maybe the share opportunity that you can recapture once those come into place?

Yes. Sure. So, let's go back and take a look at what was historically being exported into the European market from China, and it was, call it, 270,000 ish tons a year. And so, you've seen the lift, and we're getting our share of the growth as China has pulled back on their exports into that region. So, India is a 450,000 ton per year market. And at this particular stage, trailing 12 months, the Chinese have been exporting north of 300,000 tons of TiO2 in that region. There's not a significant amount of production there. That is the second largest market that we sell into globally, and we do have a bit of an advantage in that. We've got a free trade agreement out of Australia. So, when you think about the potential lift from the Indian anti-dumping activities, we would expect that to be at or maybe slightly above the magnitude of what we're seeing in Europe.

Thank you.

Our next question comes from Frank Mitsch. Frank, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, guys. Good morning. It's Aziza on for Frank. I had a question on Zircon. Can you guys just elaborate further on what you're seeing in, in the zircon markets and what might revive that market?

Yes. Thanks, Aziza. So, when we maybe we had to go back and look a little bit about when we think about the year-over-year number. So, year-over-year last year, first quarter of 2024, we saw significant increase in the volume on zircon, not dissimilar to the larger increase we saw last year on TiO2 on the assumption that the market was starting to recover. So, we saw a lot of volume being bought forward, I would say, in the first quarter. So, we had a very strong first half on Zircon, and the second half of the year was weaker. When we look at, what we're seeing this year, it's more of a, I'd say, measured growth with regards to what we're seeing year-over-year. So, we're not expecting a significant growth '24 over '25. It's only about 5%. But what we're seeing in the first quarter is more historically what we would see. Again, there's Chinese New Year, which typically has an impact because China is a market for us. That is the one market that has not recovered significantly, so it's still the area where we got the most opportunity. So, I would say, we'd be more of a balanced move, quarter-by-quarter for the rest of the year, and annual growth is not significant over last year. It's only 5%.

Got it. Thank you. And, following the Botlek news, and looking across your network today, are there any other sites that you might be assessing for idling or possibly reducing rates of production?

So, at this particular stage, as I mentioned, we've been preparing for the closure of Botlek for a little while, so repositioning some inventory to make sure that, we have inventory as we expect Europe to continue to be strong due to the antidumping efforts. The decision to close the Botlek was a difficult decision, and it was one that we were obviously looking at our asset footprint constantly evaluating that at this particular stage. We don't have any plans to close any additional plants. We think we've got the right asset footprint, when we think about the vertical integration. Vertical integration is also a very important part of our strategy, and we'll continue to look at what the right level of vertical integration is along with, working proactively and collaboratively with our, suppliers that continue to supply us with some feedstock to supplement that vertical integration.

And I think Aziza, our focus right now, following the Botlek decision, is to focus on things within our control and focus on our cost. So, it's making all of our assets competitive. And while, the market, we don't control that and things could change, I think, that's our focus right now versus, looking at other facilities. We do expect that, our plants generally are, in the better half of the cost curve, and if there's things that will change in the market, should be the higher cost, Chinese plants, and some of the other Western competitors that are more fourth quartile.

Great. Thank you, guys.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Caleb Bonnellien from BMO Capital Markets. Caleb, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi, good morning. This is Caleb on for John. With the Botlek closure, can you help us understand how that impacts your ability to work down inventory levels and then drive free cash flow?

Yes. Caleb, we do expect to generate significant amount of cash from the bottling shutdown. As John mentioned, we did build inventory late last year and in the first quarter, in anticipation of that shutdowns, as we want to make sure that we provide continued service to our customers in Europe. With that being said, with that Botlek going down, we do expect to draw down that inventory over time and service that from our other pigment plants. So, inventory should go down, sheerly because volumes are going down, but also leveraging that fixed cost infrastructure by producing more in other plants, our cost per ton should go down.

But, I mean, between now and also between now and the end of the year, without the Bollock plant, we will produce less tons. So, we will be drawing down inventory that had been built previously in anticipation of the closure.

Okay. Thank you. And then, just on the $50 million to $60 million of the higher costs you're expecting, are you expecting to get any benefit of that at all in the second half of the year because Fairbreeze is slated for commissioning in July, or is that all just gonna be relief that you're expecting in 2026?

Yes. The $50 million to $60 million of hurt from in this year, the majority of that is in the first half. We're seeing the majority of the hurt in the first half of this year.

And again, when you think about that, that's a bridge from these lower ore bodies into mining into moving into the higher ore bodies. So, we'll see -- because Fairbreeze is going to be commissioned earlier than East OFS, some of that benefit will come in the latter part of the year, but we will see some benefit from that. And then, obviously, with East OFS coming online in November, bigger portion of that rolls into full year 2026.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Vincent Andrews at Morgan Stanley. Vincent, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Hi. This is Justin on for Vincent. Have you called out the expected production costs -- or your production costs were higher than expected, partially because the lower operating rate at Botlek, but also increases in direct material costs. You expected improved production costs in your full-year outlook. So, can you just help us bridge from the weaker one q to the full year improvement? Is that mostly going to be better fixed cost absorption from other plants as you, you wind down Botlek, or is that going to be a reversal in the cost that the direct material prices that you mentioned? Thank you.

Yes. From a cost perspective, as we mentioned, the second half is going to be improved from the first half. And it is a big portion of that is our pigment costs improving. A lot of it relates just to running the plants better, resulting in less LCMs and idle facilities. We are being helped as you would expect from shutting down the Botlek plant, which is our highest cost plant, before we shut it down. Obviously, leveraging the fixed cost infrastructure as we move those tons to other plants, lowering our cost per ton. I mentioned the mining headwinds, $50 million to $60 million. The majority of that is in the first half, so you'll see a benefit in the second half of the year from that cost. Then, generally, you're aware of our cost improvement program that we launched last quarter. We're working hard and having -- seeing results, improvements already, but those actions will ramp up and see more savings in the second half of the year. So, all of that is driving our statement that we expect the second half to be more robust than the first half from a cost perspective.

And if you remember from the last call, we indicated, you know, it's $125 million to $175 million in that cost reduction program, and we were targeting $25 million to $35 million run rate by the end of 2026. As we mentioned in the prepared comments, we've already made some progress on SG&A, and we're making progress from an operating perspective too. Every one of our sites has a prescriptive reduction plan in place, and we're making good progress on that. So, there is an element of, back half of the year, where we'll start to see some of those costs roll through the volume as well.

Our next question comes from Mike Leithead from Barclays. Mike, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Great. Thanks. Good morning, guys. I wanted to ask a question on the outlook. I think you had mentioned as part of the second half, some additional benefits in India and Brazil if anti-dumping duty measures are finalized. So, can you just remind us kind of what your expectations are there and what you're baking into guidance in regards to that?

So, with regards to India, I'd say it's probably the biggest opportunity for us because that is our second largest market that we sell into, and it's one that is -- it's the largest market, 450,000 tons a year, largely with 300,000 tons of Chinese material being supplied into that market. So that's a sizable portion of that opportunity. And then, when Brazil, we have the only production facility in Brazil. Brazil's 180,000 ton per year market. Approximately 100,000 tons annualized were being supplied by China. We've already seen some benefits of that. So, if you remember, provisional duties had already gone into place, and we saw some lift. There was an end to the provisional duties on April 21st. And while the trade agency over there finalizes those number, there's about an 60-day window where duties are lifted. So, the June time frame, end of June, early July, is when we'll start to see those duties go back into effect, and we'll start to see that lift. And we're making sure that, we're positioning ourselves to not only supply material from the Hamilton the facility we have in Brazil, but supplying, the demand from our facilities in Yambu and, North America as well. So those are the two areas, where we see the additional lift, as well as continuing to see progress in Europe for entities that are already in place.

Great. That's super helpful. And then just a question on the cash flow, trying to bridge to the greater than $50 million now. Obviously, CapEx comes down $15 million. But then, when I just think about the Botlek net impact, I guess I'm getting at roughly $80 million to $85 million of cash restructuring costs or restructuring costs, which I guess gets to around $70 million to $75 million of working capital benefit. Is that roughly in the right ballpark? I'm just trying to make sure I have the moving pieces there.

Yes. I think taking a look at our guide of greater than $50 million of free cash flow. Obviously, we maintained our range on EBITDA of $525 million to $625 million. Cash interest was up a bit from last at $145 million as we draw a little bit more on our facilities. Cash tax is expected to be the same at less than $10 million, and we increased our guide on working capital from being negative $78 million to flattish to being a source of use source of cash in all scenarios. And as you as you mentioned, CapEx was lowered to $365 million from the range of $375 million to $395 million. So, with free cash flow being greater than $50 million in all scenarios, I think your math is correct on roughly correct on how Botlek is impacting us.

Thank you. Our next question comes from Roger Spitz at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Roger, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Thank you. Hopefully, you can hear me. First question is, Botlek -- is that being kept warm or is that a cold shutdown? And related, how hard is it to restart a chloride process two plant that has been in a cold shut for a year or more?

Yes. So, at this particular stage, there's no plan to restart that asset. And, I would say, normally, when chloride plants are closed down for long periods of time, they're not restarted. So it's not our plan to restart the asset. We're, again, working through that process at this particular stage. So, it's -- but at this particular stage, there's no plan to restart the asset. We're winding the asset down.

Got it. And then, I don't know if this is something you might provide us, but I'm wondering, how much is your 2024 mining cost as opposed to your pigment cost, or if you don't wanna give that detail. Is it possible to break down your COGS between Mineral Sands as mining and pigment operations?

Yes. I mean, it's really -- we look at it from an integrated basis, and we don't really split out those numbers at this point.

Understood. Thank you very much.

Our next question comes from Hassan Ahmed at Alembic Global Advisors. Hassan, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Good morning, John. Hopefully, you guys can hear me okay. Just wanted to revisit the sort of bunch of questions about the full year guidance. I mean, if I am understanding what you guys said correctly, particularly as it pertains to the second half being stronger than the first half, part of it is predicated on sort of lower-cost tons, because of the shutdown of Botlek. Part of it is the cost-cutting program sort of getting into effect. But if I heard correctly, you guys also mentioned gaining pricing momentum. So, I'm just trying to sort of reconcile that, historically, obviously, as we move away from the seasonally strong time period, which tends to be the, call it, spring summer time period, it gets harder and harder for the industry to get that pricing. So, I am just trying to assess what gives you that comfort level that you will indeed get that pricing in the second half?

Thanks, Hassan. It's a great question. And we didn't talk too much in prepared comments about what's going on in the second quarter because we provide guidance for the full year. But we are getting price in Europe. So, when we think about our second quarter, historically, you go eight quarters with continual price erosion, 1% to 2% a quarter. It takes a little bit of time to get traction on a price increase. And we did announce a price increase in Europe in the second quarter, and we have successfully implemented a portion of that. So, when we think about our second quarter price, there's still some competitive activity in other regions, so there's puts and takes on where we are on price. But I would say our price will be flat to slightly up this quarter, depending upon how we manage some of this, competitive activity, but we are getting pricing in Europe. It has -- and when we think about it, is that a demand profile increase? No. That's due to a shift in the supply base. So, we're making progress. And as we start to look into the back half of the year and some of these other areas, where we've got opportunities for duties to go into place, we're not talking about a significant amount of pricing, but we are talking about pricing opportunities.

Understood. And that sounds very helpful.

I know you asked your question on pricing, but the one thing I just want to make sure you had on your list on cost was the mining costs, the $50 million to $60 million, as I mentioned in the Q&A earlier. The majority of that cost is hitting us in the first half of the year. So, you'll see Q2 be a little bit more pressure than the second half of the year, from that, as well as the mining, the production costs from Botlek. Obviously, they usually hit us a quarter later, so we'll see a hurt in Q2 from that announcement.

Very helpful. And as a follow-up, on the antidumping side of things, I just wanted to get a bit more granular about what's going on over there. I mean, look, first of all, maybe it's a two-part thing. So first, historically, you guys have talked about, for lack of a better word, the opportunity being between, call it, Saudi Arabia, The EU, Brazil and India being somewhere north of around 600,000 tons. So, the first part of the question is, is that still the case? Are you still sort of seeing it as being that sort of global opportunity? And then the second part of that question is just on the ground, what are you guys seeing? Meaning, are you sort of, as you're talking to your customers, particularly in countries where these antidumping measures are going into effect, are the conversations you're having with them sort of more along the lines of them actually wanting more material from you guys? Are you getting more inbound requests now from customers that were sort of taking their business elsewhere? I mean, are you actually seeing that market share gain or indications of that, as these conversations continue?

Yes. So, for sure in Europe, that's happening. We are picking -- we're regaining share where we have lost it to the Chinese historically, because those duties are already in place. And when you think about sizing the opportunity, again, we're not assuming that China's going to completely vacate Europe. They're still supplying there. They're about half where they were, and we would expect that to continue to trickle down. But our assumptions aren't that they're going to completely abandon that market, that we're going to get a fair share of what's the opportunity. So, again, we saw a significant move in the first quarter, that's migrating into the second quarter. So, again, we're building on what's already happened in Europe. And in India, specifically, those duties are not in place yet. So, are we getting -- having the discussions with the customers on the assumptions that they are gonna go in? And, again, I mentioned that it, we should have definitive answer by the May on those duties, and we're pretty confident that they're gonna go in. So, there's a lot of movement there. Now, obviously, China is positioning to get as much in as possible, so all that's factored in. But, again, we're not assuming that China's going to stop selling in India either. So even if they pull back half of that volume, again, when we think about our footprint there, the strategic advantage we have from shipping from Australia with a 10% duty advantage due to that free trade agreement, we feel we have a good opportunity to increase our volume there, and that's factored into the build in the second half. Brazil, we're the only producer in Brazil. Our plant in Brazil is meeting our customer demands as they are today. And as the duties go back into effect, we'll start to supplement demand into Brazil out of, our facilities in Yambu and South and North America. And I mentioned Yambu in North America, a lot of that has to do with just freight rates. Sometimes it's depending upon which location, it's easier and more cost-effective for us to reposition volume into the Latin American market.

Very helpful, John. Thank you so much.

[Operator Instructions]. Our next question comes from Peter Osterland from Truist Securities. Peter, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Thanks for taking my follow-up. I just wanted to ask a couple of questions on CapEx. First, just wanted to clarify the reduction of the CapEx guidance, was that related to Botlek or are the mining projects shaping up to be less capital intensive than you thought? What drove that reduction?

About half of that reduction related to Botlek.

And then the other half is just us managing projects that we need to look at the end of the day, we're trying to manage our cash flow, and we have a target of $50 million positive free cash flow this year. So, we're managing some of the projects that can that are has -- I mean, the short answer is has nothing to do with South Africa. South Africa projects are largely migrating to the end. We're on budget and on track. So, these were some of the other opportunities on capital that we can move from one year to the next, but it's not like the capital is going to be eliminated. We'll continue to evaluate it, but we are shifting some of that into 2026.

Got it. Thanks. And then, just as a follow-up there, I guess after closing Botlek and finishing the mining projects and any other improvements you're making with optimizing your remaining asset footprint, what does a normalized annual CapEx number look like for Tronox?

Yes. I think, as you look -- if you look at a normalized level, we still are in the 250 to 300 longer-term once we're through the mining projects.

And remember, we've spoken a lot about South Africa, but we're still at a mine, we still have a mining extension with Compasspy in Australia. So that's another piece that will continue into 2026. And after 2026, we'll be running at the lower rates that John just referenced.

Great. Thanks very much.

Our next question comes from Aaron Rosenthal at JPMorgan. Aaron, please unmute your line and ask your question.

Can you all hear me all right?

Yes.

Okay, great. I think just earlier you had mentioned the uplift quarter over quarter in Europe was about 2x what you had seen historically from 4Q to 1Q. Is that comment based on a look back from maybe just the last couple of years, or is that maybe a 10-year average look back with respect to seasonality? And then, as we think about 2Q is the magnitude of that uplift into 2Q on par with that, or how should we think about the growth sequentially?

So, the growth from Q4 to Q1 was abnormal. So, it's not even -- you can't -- there's been no quarter where we had Q4 to Q1 that was that large. So, it had everything that was very much focused on us picking back up share as the duties went into a place early in June, in July, I mean, January. Sorry about that. And we're seeing more of a, I'd say, bit more of a normal increase, but still heavier in the second quarter in Europe as well. So, again, it's not as if, I think we've started to see growth in the volume as we pick up some of that share, but we have -- we still have room to go. So, the second quarter, although the growth is significant, it's not as big of a leap as it was in from Q4 to Q1, but we're still seeing growth quarter over quarter, Q1 to Q2. Okay.

That's fair. And then I may have missed this, but with Botlek winding down and it sounds like you're positioning some of the Australia, assets for growth in India, and it sounds like you'll be meeting some of that volumetric need from inventory, but, can we get a sense of how long that tail is on those volumes? And then, from that point on, are you backfilling volumes from The UK plant, or, I guess, which plants in your network will those volumes eventually flow from?

Yes. And we expect to be able to service the shutdown from Botlek immediately. I mean, we did, as we mentioned, build inventory and move inventory towards the end of last year and in the first quarter of this year. So, we think we're well-positioned to service our customers. Going forward, as we mentioned, we can service some of those volume -- all those volumes from other facilities, which includes those in Europe and Australia and in Saudi Arabia primarily.

And I think it's important to realize, I mean, even with where we are today, we're not back to what we would call normalized growth as far as demand goes. We're not talking about targeting COVID levels, but there's still some opportunity for this market to recover. And, we started to see that recovery in the first half of the year, and it kind of trickled out in the second half of the year. We've seen some growth in the first half of the year. There's lots of puts-and-takes on it, but there's opportunity. And when that opportunity actually happens, we'll have the ability to run our assets at higher rates too. We're not running our other assets at a hundred percent of capacity utilization. So as the demand picks up, we'll be able to increase our capacity from the other assets, all the work that, we're doing around technology and innovation to try to get more out of those assets will help us with fixed cost absorption and will be another lift, as we start to think about our cost improvement plan. That being said, the $125 million to $175 million of cost has that's not volume related. Those are things that we're doing to sustainably adjust our cost from an operational perspective and through every portion of the business.

Our next question comes from John Roberts.

Can you hear me now?

Yes. We can.

Rare earths are back in the news again. You once had a project to extract rare earths from your tailings. Does that come back into play?

John, that project's still, a work in progress for us. In Australia, we are in have been in the process of doing prefeasibility studies, on a facility there in Australia to extract more value out of that. So, as we mentioned in the prepared comments, rare earth is still a part of our strategy. It's part of the coproducts that we get from our mining assets. We'll continue to get value out of that. Clearly, with the focus on rare earths coming from the government, there's a lot of renewed activity. I would say that, we're right in the middle of that.

And have you seen any idling capacity in China yet?

I would say, yes. We've seen some plants pull back. Like, when John mentioned sulfur prices had gone up 40%, that was largely focused on Europe, I mean, China. And we have an asset over there. So, we have a very good window on what's happening in China, because we have an asset. It's not a large one. China is only 5% of our volume globally, and the majority of what we produce there, we sell in China. But, I think that, there has been some move. Long-term closing of sulfate plants, I wouldn't say, there's been a lot yet, but there's been other reductions in volume. And I think it's important to kind of look at that. Normally, when you go through a downturn, you'll get to the bottom of the downturn and the market recovers before you see a lot of assets close. This market has been a lot different than that. The tail has been much longer. We continually say that, although the tail's been long, definitively, we can say the market will recover. There's been no paradigm shift. But, there's been a lot more assets that have closed. We closed the plant. Most of our western competitors have closed either one or multiple plants. There's two Japanese plants that have been outlined as closing to 80,000-ton sulfate facilities in late in '25 and early in '26. So as the market recovers, it's not only China's volume that could be impacted. It's the overall volume that won't be available to supply the demand. So, again, we're not looking for a demand to recover back to where we were in 2021. But getting back to 2019 levels, we believe is very doable, and there'll be a smaller base to support it, which would help with our margins.

Thank you.

Thank you so much. This concludes the Q&A portion of the webcast. I will now turn the call back over to John Romano for closing remarks. Thank you.

Thank you for that. There's a lot of variables that we're working with at this particular stage, and the tariffs, as we mentioned earlier, have not had a significant impact on our business, but we're going to continue to evaluate that over time. And hopefully, some of that will abate, and we'll see some upside from that. As we mentioned, it's only a $5 million tailwind from us at maximum, and that includes everything that we've seen at this particular stage. I think it's important for you to realize and remember that we are focused on the things that we can control. There's some things that are out of our control, but we can control our cost, improving our production, delivering on that cost improvement program, and focusing on improving our cash generation to ensure we hit that $50 million cash target for the year. So, thank you very much. Appreciate your time.