Hello, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by, and welcome to Zai Lab's Second Quarter 2025 Financial Results Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, today's call is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to turn the floor over to Christine Chiou, Senior Vice President of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, ma'am.

Thank you, operator. Hello, and welcome, everyone. Today's earnings call will be led by Dr. Samantha Du, Zai Lab's Founder, CEO and Chairperson. She will be joined by Josh Smiley, President and Chief Operating Officer; Dr. Rafael Amado, President and Head of Global Research and Development; and Dr. Yajing Chen, Chief Financial Officer. Jonathan Wang, our Chief Business Officer, will also be available to answer questions during the Q&A portion of the call. As a reminder, during today's call, we will be making certain forward-looking statements based on our current expectations. These statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from what we expect due to a variety of factors, including those discussed in our SEC filings. We will also refer to adjusted loss from operations, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Please refer to our earnings release furnished with the SEC on August 7, 2025, for additional information on this non-GAAP financial measure. At this time, it is my pleasure to turn the call over to Dr. Samantha Du.

Thank you, Christine. Good morning, and good evening, everyone. Thank you for joining us today. As we've reached the midpoint of 2025, Zai Life is entering a pivotal phase, building our commercial business, advancing our global pipeline and executing on the goals we outlined at the beginning of the year. Our long-term vision of becoming a leading global biopharma remains strong, grounded on consistent execution and meaningful progress across the business. We are reaffirming our full year revenue guidance of USD 560 million to USD 590 million. We remain on track to achieve profitability in the fourth quarter, a milestone made possible by the efficient, scalable model we have built over the years. In our regional business, momentum is building as we head into a period of significant growth, supported by multiple near-term launches. This includes pipeline of product opportunities like VYVGART in multiple autoimmune indications and Povetacicept, a dual BAFF/APRIL inhibitor with broad potential. We also anticipate approvals for KarXT in schizophrenia and TIVDAK in cervical cancer, both currently under regulatory reviews in China. We're preparing for submission for other later-stage assets, including bemarituzumab for gastric cancer and Tumor Treating Fields for pancreatic cancer. Combined with our broader regional pipeline, these programs position us well for long-term growth. On the global R&D front, we're advancing a pipeline of innovative globally-competitive programs. ZL-1310 our DLL3 ADC continues to demonstrate first-in-class and best-in-class potential in small cell lung cancer as illustrated by the updated data presented at ASCO. We also see encouraging early signals in other difficult-to-treat tumors such as neuroendocrine carcinoma. Beyond that, we're advancing our next wave of innovative global programs into the clinic, including ZL-1503, a bispecific IL-13/IL-3 antibody for atopic dermatitis and ZL-6201, our LRRC15 ADC for solid tumors. This development continues to be a core pillar of our growth strategy. As global interest in China originated, innovation rises, Zai Lab is uniquely positioned to act as a bridge between China's thriving bio ecosystem and global markets. Our deep local know-how and global R&D expertise allow us to source and develop high potential assets emerging from China and the rest of the world, while continuing to expand our internally-discovered global pipeline. We're also leveraging AI across the organization. For example, optimizing clinical trials, accelerating timelines and sharpening our commercial analytics. These ongoing efforts are already improving our speed, precision and efficiency. Going forward, we will apply more AI tools to accelerate our future growth. We remain disciplined in our operations, scaling efficiently while investing strategically in both commercial execution and pipeline innovation. The progress we have made this quarter reinforces our conviction in what Zai Lab is becoming; a profitable, high-growth company with global impact, powered by innovation, disciplined execution and a deep commitment to delivering long-term value for patients and shareholders alike. Now, I'll turn the call over to Josh. Josh?

Thank you, Samantha, and hello, everyone. Let me start with VYVGART, where strong commercial execution continues to drive momentum in gMG. In the second quarter, we saw record levels of patient utilization, supported by a steady flow of new patient starts and increasing treatment duration. We are seeing a meaningful shift towards maintenance use, a reflection of growing physician confidence in VYVGART's long-term benefits. These positive trends are supported by ongoing physician education and patient support programs aimed at extending treatment duration. We expect this momentum to further accelerate following the July update to China's national MG guidelines, which meaningfully elevate VYVGART's positioning. The new guidelines recognize minimal symptom expression, or MSE, as the primary treatment goal in gMG and highlight VYVGART's ability to achieve MSE rapidly and durably. VYVGART has the highest MSE rates ranging from 40% to 73% across clinical studies and stands out for its rapid onset and deep and sustained efficacy. VYVGART is now recommended for early use in mild-to-moderate and highly active patients and for sustained long-term treatment to maximize benefit, marking a major step forward for biological adoption for treating gMG in China. We see significant long-term potential for VYVGART. Physicians are initiating treatment earlier and shifting away from steroids, yet VYVGART penetration in gMG is only 10%. We are well positioned to drive broader adoption and to capture the substantial opportunity that lies ahead. Once listed on NRDL, we believe that subcutaneous formulation will further accelerate uptake by driving deeper market penetration and expanding patient access. The launch in CIDP is also underway with efforts focused on increasing supplemental health insurance coverage and driving awareness. Our planned submission of the prefilled syringe remains on track and will further differentiate the brand through added convenience and improved adherence. Beyond gMG and CIDP, we are…

Thank you, Josh. I'll start with highlights from our global pipeline since our last earnings call and then cover upcoming milestones. Let's start with ZL-1310 or Zocilurtatug Pelitecan or Zoci for short, our first-in-class DLL3 targeting ADC for small cell lung cancer and other neuroendocrine tumors. At ASCO this year, we presented dose-finding results in patients with previously treated extensive stage small cell lung cancer. Across all dose levels in the second line setting, the unconfirmed response rate was 67% and the disease control rate was 97%. The most promising combination of response and tolerability was observed at 1.6 milligrams per kilogram, which showed a 79% unconfirmed overall response rate and a 100% control rate of the disease, which is among the strongest efficacy response signals seen in this setting to-date. At a median follow-up of 3.4 months, median duration of response had not yet been reached and 29 of 38 responders remain on study. Importantly, we observed compelling intracranial activity, an important unmet need in small cell lung cancer, where up to 70% of patients developed brain metastases. Among these patients, the ORR was 68%, and it was 86% in patients without prior cranial irradiation, again, the highest intracranial responses reported. Zoci also demonstrated a well-tolerated and differentiated safety profile. At target doses below 2 milligrams per kilogram, there were no Grade 2 or higher interstitial lung disease cases and Grade 3 and above treatment-related adverse events occurred in just 6% of patients with no drug-related discontinuation. These data support the potential of Zoci as a clinically-meaningful treatment for patients in second-line small cell lung cancer and other lines of therapy, either as monotherapy or in combination. We're pleased to receive a Fast Track designation from the FDA in small cell lung cancer, adding to the orphan drug designation…

Thank you, Rafael. Now I will discuss highlights from our second quarter 2025 financial results compared to the prior year period. Total revenue grew 9% year-over-year to $110 million in the second quarter, primarily driven by higher sales of VYVGART supported by duration of therapy extension and increasing market penetration, AUGTYRO and XACDURO, which was launched since the fourth quarter of 2024. Our focus on financial discipline and efficiency efforts was also reflected on the expenses side. R&D and SG&A as a percentage of revenue declined significantly year-over-year. R&D expenses for the second quarter decreased 18% year-over-year, mainly due to decreased personnel costs and clinical trial costs as a result of resource prioritization and efficiency efforts. SG&A expenses for the second quarter decreased 11% year-over-year, mainly due to the strategic resource allocation and efficiency improvements. As a result of operating leverage we are building into our business, our loss from operations decreased 28% for the second quarter to $54.9 million. We adjust our loss from operations to exclude certain non-cash items, specifically; depreciation, amortization and share-based compensation. We had adjusted loss from operations of $34.2 million in the second quarter, reflecting year-over-year improvement of 37%. Based on our operating plan and our anticipated revenue growth, we expect to achieve profitability on an adjusted basis by the fourth quarter of this year. Looking ahead, we expect to deliver quarter-over-quarter total revenue growth in 2025 with a meaningful acceleration anticipated in the later part of the year. We remain confident in reaffirming our full year 2025 total revenue guidance of $560 million to $590 million. This revenue forecast reflects strong growth for VYVGART franchise, continued growth for our base business and contributions from newly launched products. We are in a strong financial position, ending the quarter with a cash position of $832.3 million. And with that, I'd now like to turn the call back over to the operator to open up the line for questions. Operator?

[Operator Instructions] We will now take our first question from the line of Jonathan Chang from Leerink Partners.

First question, congrats on the positive FORTITUDE-101 study results. Can you help us understand the potential opportunity for bema in frontline gastric cancer? What biomarker status and FGFR2b threshold would patients need for treatment with bema? And can you help us characterize the safety profile observed in the 101 study?

Jonathan, it's Josh. Thanks for the message. I'll start on commercial and then turn it over to Rafael to talk a little bit more about the profile. First, there's over 450,000 patients with gastric cancer in China, about 1/3 of whom overexpressed FGFR2b. So very significant patient population. And I think given what we know of the clinical benefits of this product and potential treatment duration, we're quite excited and confident that there's, over time, a $1 billion sales potential opportunity in this potential indication. We're already in this space with QINLOCK. We've got about 100 sales reps who promote QINLOCK today. We'll use that sales force and build on it to take advantage of the opportunity here. And again, we're quite excited by this product. It's going to deliver significant benefit to a very big patient population in China. And I'll ask Rafael to make some more comments.

Yes. Thanks, Josh, and thanks for the question. As I said in the prepared remarks, this is a drug for patients with overexpression of FGFR2b. And that's about 1/3 of patients, 30% or so. The cutoff is 2 plus to 3 plus at least 10% of the cells. So, in terms of patient numbers, it's close to 140,000, 150,000 new cases in China per year, which is very sizable. And we are preparing to launch this product with diagnostic as well. In terms of the toxicity, as I mentioned, the key toxicity was myelosuppression, which is probably more related to chemotherapy and then ocular toxicity, which was expected and it was seen in the Phase II study, the FIGHT trial. So, toxicity greater than 25% included mostly corneal toxicity that affected visual acuity. So, either complex keratitis or epithelial defects as well as dry eye. And we saw this, actually, in the placebo arm as well, but it's more pronounced in the treatment arm and more common in the 101 study than it was seen in the Phase II study. And that may be because we included a more comprehensive and standardized ocular monitoring in that trial. And this is expected. As I said, the receptor is expressed in epithelial cells in the cornea. It can be monitored by ocular consultation. Patients can be prophylaxed. It happens well into the treatment, so it doesn't happen right away. And at least in the Phase II study, they were reversible. So, the details of all the safety will be presented at an upcoming meeting that Amgen has guided towards. And then, in terms of how this will play out with regards to benefit/risk? Well, it depends on the benefit that you will see when the presentation comes up. But these are patients that have a particularly poor prognosis and there is a meaningful treatment effect that needs to be taken into account with this very aggressive form of cancer that has very limited treatment options.

Understood. And maybe a second question, if I may. Can you discuss your confidence levels in achieving your 2025 revenue guidance and profitability goal by year-end? And how should we think about the contribution of VYVGART in achieving these goals?

Thanks, Jonathan. It's Josh. First, we reaffirmed our top line guidance of $560 million to $590 million in sales. So, obviously, we're confident in that range. And on profitability, we also have reconfirmed that we see us achieving profitability on a non-GAAP basis in Q4. So, I think full speed ahead on both of those. As it relates to the sales, we do expect accelerating growth in the second half of this year, driven certainly by VYVGART as one of the big drivers here. We're pleased with our performance in the second quarter, saw record patient numbers in terms of patient starts, and we're seeing -- every month, we're seeing an increase in patient duration or numbers of doses or cycles per patient. We expect that to accelerate in the second half of the year, both as we continue to build experience with physicians and patients, but also leveraging the new national guidelines for gMG that were issued in July. So, you should expect to see the kind of quarter-over- quarter acceleration in -- or growth in sales for VYVGART that we saw in the second quarter. And again, we're quite happy with those trends. ZEJULA, we expect growth in the second half of the year. We did see some declines in the second quarter, but I would say that's mostly related to the choppiness and disruption that comes with a major competitor going off patent, that's Lynparza and new competitors coming on. But we're quite confident in our position with ZEJULA as the market leader in first-line ovarian cancer. And again, we are already seeing good recovery in the third quarter. So, we'd expect to see sales growth there. So again, confident about the trajectory and the shape of the growth for the second half of the year. With that growth then, if you look at our overall operating expenses, that growth drives us towards profitability. And if you look historically quarter-over-quarter, we continue to see good improvement each quarter and have good confidence that we'll get there in the fourth quarter of this year. So, thanks.

Our next question comes from the line of Anupam Rama from JPMorgan.

You talked about the second half growth levers with VYVGART and you talked about the stabilization of ZEJULA looking to the second half. But just wondering if there's any outsized growth expected from the broader commercial franchise in terms of NUZYRA or XACDURO that might contribute meaningfully to getting to the guidance and profitability by the end of the year?

Thanks, Anupam. It's Josh. Yes, I think first, if you look at XACDURO and AUGTYRO, both products are in the beginnings of the launch phases. We're really excited about the potential of both products. I think with XACDURO, you should expect to see continued good growth, as we mentioned in the beginning of the call. I think the demand is strong. We're still working through supply and making sure we can fill as much of that demand as possible. So, the more product we can get into the country, the better off we will be. And we should expect to see continued good growth there, somewhat limited, I think, in the second half of the year by supply constraints. But I think long term for this product, we're quite excited. I think with AUGTYRO, we're taking a focused approach to the launch here, but also would expect to see good growth in the second half of the year. We have good pricing on NRDL. And of course, this is a product for patients with the mutation that provides really significant benefit. So, yes, so I think as you look at your models, having more growth in the second half of the year from those products is important. NUZYRA continues to be a strong driver of growth for us and expect that to continue in the second half as well.

We will now take our next question from the line of Yigal Nochomovitz from Citigroup.

I had a bunch of questions on the bema topic. So obviously, you can't tell us the data, but you have said that it's statistically significant and clinically meaningful. And obviously, in FIGHT -- in the Phase II FIGHT trial, the OS delta was over 13 months. So, can you just help put in perspective what the expectation should be around the OS data for FORTITUDE-101 in terms of the expected delta? And then for 102, given that it's with nivo, I'm also curious whether you would expect the delta would be less because you have nivo on both sides of the equation? And then also in China, what's going to be the regimen that is more likely to get the uptake in gastric? Is it with the chemo or also with the nivo? And then I have another one on DLL3.

I'll ask Rafael to jump in here on the question, Yigal.

Yes. I mean, I think with regards to the magnitude of the treatment effect, I'm afraid I can't comment because it's embargoed until the presentation, obviously. But I think other than the qualitative statements that Amgen and us have made with regards to the clinical meaningfulness of the differences between placebo and bema, I can't really say very much more. And so, stay tuned for that. I think with regards to the differences in survival between what is seen in 101 and 102, again, I would be speculating. The difference in survival of nivo gastric and GE junction tumors is not very pronounced. As you know, it's about a couple of months or so. If one maintains the same sort of survival difference with bema, you could potentially have an additive effect of those 2 months. But again, difficult to speculate, and we will know when we see the data. And then in terms of uptake in China, it's difficult to tell, but the 101 is a particularly important study for us in China. The use of nivo is relatively low, but there are other PD-1 inhibitors, and many patients are treated without PD-1 as well. And so, chemotherapy plus bema is perceived to be a very important advance, it will be used. So, it remains to be seen how much traction PD-1 inhibitor will have. But there will be a difference in time also of the launch of one versus the other, which may affect as well uptake of potential PD-1. So, I'm afraid I can't really give you -- I mean, a concise and accurate answer, but this is sort of my qualitative statement.

Okay. All right. And then for the DLL3, so it looks like you're somewhere in the 1.6 mgs/kg for the dose that you've done so far. So, with the combo with atezo, how are you thinking about the combo dose for DLL3? Do you think you can stay at the 1.6 or may you need to be a little lower potentially for combo tox? Or do you see that it's not -- you're not going to have overlapping tox and it's fine just to go with what you saw already in the monotherapy?

It's a bit premature to say with certainty, but the toxicity of these 2 agents are very different. And actually at 1.6, 1310 is very well tolerated. We only had 6% Grade 3 and above. And so, with the non-overlapping toxicities, we believe that the combinability with 1.6 is very possible, and we're working towards that. And then, in addition to that, we're also trying to do an etoposide [ sharing ] regimen as well, and we're continue to study atezo with carbo. So, all this data will -- as it matures in terms of follow-up and response and safety, we will present it most likely in the first half of next year.

Okay. And if I could have one for Josh. Josh, obviously, there's a lot of momentum with efgart, but you have these 4 new trials; the lupus, seronegative gMG, myasthenia gravis, Sjogren's disease. I'm just kind of curious, when you put all those together, how does that change your perspective on the potential overall peak for this drug relative to the initial rollout of indications? Can you just kind of frame that so we can get a sort of a ZIP code of how much more that's going to drive the overall franchise long term?

Sure. Thanks, Yigal. First, we've said consistently that over time, we see a greater than $1 billion sales potential on an annual basis in China for VYVGART when you look at the various indications. And I think we're certainly on the way there. Of course, today, the opportunity is to drive penetration, usage and duration in gMG. But I think if you look at the indications you mentioned, certainly, those that are complementary in the gMG space can add somewhere in the range of 25% or more sort of patient opportunity within gMG. So, this would be ocular and seronegative. lupus, we're excited to see the data. That's a very big potential indication, but still more to come. I think myositis and Sjogren's, again, also pretty big indications. So, I think if you look at the total patient population then add in thyroid eye disease, we go from a starting point of about 170,000 patients with gMG in China to something well over 500,000 when you start to put these indications together. So, as we've said, the $1 billion type of opportunity, you don't have to assume huge penetration rates or otherwise. And again, I think the data that we've seen so far that have been released give us a lot of confidence that there's going to be significant benefits across the various indications here. But for us today, it's drive penetration in gMG, look forward to the supplementary indications that can build out that patient population for 2026, get Hytrulo approved through NRDL. We think that will bring significant patient benefits, then supplement that with the prefilled syringe, which we'll work towards submitting later this year. So, lot to come in VYVGART and a lot to be excited about in terms of the current performance and things to look forward to.

[Operator Instructions] We will now take our next question from the line of Ziyi Chen from Goldman Sachs.

Two questions from me. The first one is for VYVGART. I understand that management mentioned in first quarter, there has been some inventory management that linked to weaker sales. And I'm wondering, was VYVGART still under this type of inventory management in the second quarter? And how should we look into the second half, and particularly in July, what has been the momentum versus previous months in the first half? And also, we look at argenx, they observed very strong subcu formulation uptake. And what will be the strategy in China between subcu and IV formulation for VYVGART from your perspective? And my second question is regarding the DLL3 ADC. Now the asset is going to be moving into pivotal study pretty soon. So, at this juncture, we're trying to understand a bit more about the company strategy in the U.S. market. Are you still actively looking for a partner for clinical development? Or the strategy is going to be pivoting towards self-sponsoring the pivotal study and potentially future commercialization to capture all the economics?

Thanks Ziyi. I'll start on VYVGART and then turn it to Rafael for the discussion on DLL3. I think first on the inventory piece, I just would remind you that in 2024 was our first year of launch. And as you would in any new launch product on NRDL, we built inventory through the year to keep up with demand. And at the end of Q4, stock the channel for the approval of Hytrulo. So, you do have some inventory build in the 2024 numbers, again, as you would expect. I think first half of this year for VYVGART, we tried to manage that inventory closely. And I would say in the second half of the year, you should expect normal types of build to prepare for 2026 and what we presume will be robust sales, including, as I mentioned in the last discussion or question, our expectation that Hytrulo will be added to NRDL. And then I think to your question, I think from what we see around the world where Hytrulo is available, it becomes a very important treatment option and treatment choice relative to IV. So, I think we would expect over time that Hytrulo would become a very meaningful formulation for patients with gMG, and we'll -- again, we'll pursue NRDL appropriately in that regard. So, I think as you get into 2026, you should expect to see a shift from, of course, today, almost exclusively IV use to significant Hytrulo and then certainly followed in the coming years by the PFS version as well. I'll ask Rafael to comment then on DLL3.

Yes. So, with regards to the pivotal trial, we have said before that we've been in discussions with FDA and the accelerated approval pathway is still viable. It will be a randomized trial, and we're on track to initiate this trial before the end of the year. We have to align on the dose. But as we presented at ASCO, 1.6 mgs per kilogram is looking very strong and probably the best sort of combination on benefit/risk. We will continue to generate data. We will present some data as well on the durability. But our goal is to get agreement on the dose and initiate this trial. And with regards to a partnership, our initial pursuit is going to be to go ahead and launch this trial ourselves. And these discussions, I think may remain open, but we're pretty committed to moving this forward by ourselves and this study will be launched by us.

Our next question comes from Li Watsek from Cantor.

I have 2 pipeline questions. First on bema, just wondering what steps are left to file in China. And is it possible to get NRDL listing in 2027? Or should we assume it's more of a 2028 event? And then for DLL3 ADC, how are you guys thinking about the data from [ Henry DLL3 ] program next month? Any read-through to your own on program and for data update later this year, what additional information do you hope to share relative to the ASCO update?

Thanks, Li. I think first on bema, and Rafael can provide some more comments here. But our focus now is to get the file submitted and approved. And as you know, NRDL timing is dependent on when you're approved during the year and that always changes and everything else. So, we're just focused right at this point on getting that product approved as quickly as possible and then moving as quickly as possible into NRDL listing. So, we'll have more to come there as we move through the regulatory process. I think, Rafael, if you could jump in on both of the questions.

Yes. So, with regards to bema, we have breakthrough designation, and we will be working with Amgen, our partner, in potential registration in China expeditiously. We obviously will have to do a pre-BLA meeting and get feedback on CD. And so, this is a priority for us. And again, we're in discussions with Amgen as to the initiation of the submission. With regards to the competition from [ Henry ], yes, we know, I think what everybody knows, which is that they're presenting [indiscernible] later on next month. And I would just only highlight the fact that products can -- especially ADCs can be differentiated by many factors, including the type of antibody, the epitope, the avidity, the payload, the linker, et cetera. We think that we have the best-in-class antibody as we showed at ASCO a couple of months ago with 79% response rate, which is yet confirmed and unconfirmed, but among the highest that has ever been seen and great activity in the brain as well. And we are really advanced already with regards to getting the dose ready for execution of the Phase III study, as I mentioned before. So, we have a good time difference with the rest of the competition. And in terms of what we will present, there will be another 4 months' worth of data, which will include updated response and time to event endpoints, both durability of response as well as progression-free survival. And importantly, we will also -- we're characterizing these responses in the brain because they are really unprecedented and it's something that we're hearing a lot from our investigators in terms of the high incidence and the durability. So, you will see RANO, which is the way that brain metastases are assessed as well as response for the brain metastases in the totality of the population. And we may present some data on biomarker as well. But I think the principal update will be updated responses on the dose optimization as well as durability.

We will now take our next question from the line of Jack Lin from Morgan Stanley.

I have 2 brief questions. First one regarding the DLL3. I just would hope to, I think, clarify a bit on the catalyst [indiscernible] data timeline. So, if I could confirm, again, in terms of when we might expect the next data update from the second-line treatment and especially, I think, on the expansion cohort. And also, I think it was mentioned previously at the ASCO call, we also have first-line data upcoming. I'd just like to reconfirm on the timeline to expect for that. And the second one, I think, briefly on whether the company has review or update in terms of some of the policy news update regarding the commercial insurance ramp-up and if there's any implications or changes to our commercial strategy for products like Optune? Just these 2 questions.

Yes, why don't you go ahead?

Yes. So, for DLL3-1310, we expect to provide this update before the end of the year on second line, as you mentioned, and I explained before what the nature of the update will be. We had 89 patients at ASCO. Here, we will have upwards of 110 patients and obviously, 4 more months of follow-up, as I mentioned. With regards to first line, because we are prioritizing the second-line study, we continue to enroll in the first-line cohorts, both with atezo and atezo and carbo. If we have meaningful data, then perhaps it will be this year, but most likely, it will be next year, early next year that we will provide that information. We are spending time enrolling in the second line and standing up the Phase III study. So, I hope this helps with the cadence of data. And then just to mention that we are accruing well on the neuroendocrine carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors. These are distinct cohorts. And we will provide an update as soon as we have meaningful information on that. But so far, the accrual has been very favorable. So, we think that it will be relatively quickly. We want to wait until we see enough durability before we actually -- so that we can present a meaningful update.

And Jack, I think on the commercial insurance policy changes, we're quite encouraged by the trend here. Keep in mind, I know you know this, the reimbursement or funding for innovative drugs in China through a commercial insurance channel is considerably less than 10% today. So, I think as we look at policy changes to try to drive that number higher, it certainly benefits us as we launch new innovative products, not just Optune or TTFields, but any of the products we've discussed today, there's always a lag between when they're approved through NMPA and when they are eligible for NRDL listing. So, I think that time period, as commercial insurance expands, gives us a really good opportunity as we get drugs like bema approved or KarXT or others to leverage these channels and drive good experience and sales in that stub period between approval and NRDL listing. So, I think that's important. Certainly, as it relates to Optune and as we think about PANOVA or the opportunity in pancreatic cancer, I think that's one that we'll certainly be able to time that well with some of these policy changes. So, again, I think it's positive for all companies who are bringing innovative drugs to market in China, and we look forward to participating and taking advantage of that policy -- those policy changes.

We have now come to the end of the question-and-answer session. Thank you all very much for your questions. I'd now like to turn the conference back to Dr. Samantha Du for her closing comments.

Thank you, operator. I want to thank everyone for taking the time to join us on the call today. We appreciate your support and look forward to updating you again after the third quarter 2025. Operator, you may now disconnect this call.

Thank you for your participation in today's conference. This does conclude the program. You may disconnect your lines.