Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Welcome to RBC’s Conference Call for the Fourth Quarter 2021 Financial Results. Please be advised that this call is being recorded. I would now like to turn the meeting over to Asim Imran, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, Mr. Imran.

Thank you, and good morning, everyone. Speaking today will be Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer; Nadine Ahn, Chief Financial Officer; and Graeme Hepworth, Chief Risk Officer. Also joining us today for your questions, Neil McLaughlin, Group Head, Personal & Commercial Banking; Doug Guzman, Group Head, Wealth Management, Insurance and I&TS; and Derek Neldner, Group Head, Capital Markets. As noted on slide 1, our comments may contain forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and have inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially. I would also remind listeners that the bank assesses its performance on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both to be useful in assessing underlying business performance. To give everyone a chance to ask questions, we ask that you limit your questions and then re-queue. With that, I’ll turn it over to Dave.

Thank you, Asim, and congratulations on your recent appointment to RBC’s Head of Investor Relations. And good morning, everyone, and thank you for joining us today. This morning, we reported fourth quarter earnings of $3.9 billion. Our results include further releases of PCL on performing loans, primarily reflecting improvements in our macroeconomic and credit quality outlook. Pre-provision pretax earnings of $4.8 billion were driven by robust client activity, driving fee-based revenue growth in Canadian Banking, Wealth Management and Investment Banking. In addition, Canadian Banking and City National continued to generate strong volume growth. These factors were partly offset by a moderation in our global markets businesses, the continued impact of low interest rates, and higher expenses, largely due to variable compensation. As we continue to invest in our core businesses and strategies, we’re committed to running our bank efficiently and driving improved productivity. Looking back, 2021 was a year that saw RBC stepping up for our clients and communities while supporting our employees. Across our core businesses, we saw robust client activity. And as a result, we delivered record revenue of nearly $50 billion. We earned $16 billion in net income and generated 19% ROE while paying $6.1 billion in taxes, over $6 billion in dividends and meeting all of our medium-term objectives. Also noteworthy was our strong double-digit growth in book value per share, highlighting our ability to compound the value of our business while maintaining the quality and risk appetite of the RBC franchise. We ended a strong year with a record CET1 ratio of 13.7%, up 120 basis points, with CET1 capital up $7.5 billion from last year. As we turn our focus to 2022 from a macro perspective, we continue to see a strong recovery with consumer spending almost 20% above 2019 levels, increased mobility [in]…

Thank you, Dave, and good morning, everyone. I will start on slide 11. We reported quarterly earnings of $3.9 billion, up 20% from last year, including the benefit of a $355 million release of PCL on performing loans. Earnings per share of $2.68 was also up 20%. Pre-provision pretax earnings of $4.8 billion were up 4% year-over-year, including the impact of a legal provision at City National. Before I expand on earnings drivers, I will speak to capital on slide 12. Our CET1 ratio was up 10 basis points sequentially to a strong 13.7%. Our strong earnings net of dividends added 42 basis points to our CET1 ratio, highlighting the capital generation power of our diversified business model and premium ROE. Robust client-driven business growth across our largest segment was partly offset by $2 billion of net credit migration. Looking forward, we will continue to take a disciplined approach to deploying capital to create long-term value for our shareholders. We will lead with client-driven organic RWA growth and look to revert back to our traditional policy of twice a year dividend increases, returning to the midpoint of our 40% to 50% dividend payout ratio objective. This morning, we also announced a normal course issuer bid, which will allow us to repurchase up to 3% of our common shares outstanding, giving us yet another lever to manage our capital levels. Moving on to slide 13. Net interest income was up 1% year-over-year or up 4% excluding the impact of lower fixed income trading revenue, which was impacted by lower spreads on repo balances. Strong volume growth more than offset continued margin headwinds driving solid net interest income growth in both Canadian Banking and City National. Turning to Slide 14. At the segment level, we had outsized NIM compression in our largest…

Great. And thank you, Nadine, and good morning to everyone. So, starting on slide 23. Allowance for credit losses on loans of $4.4 billion is down $1.7 billion from its peak in Q4 of last year, reflecting the ongoing improvements in our macroeconomic outlook and the credit quality of our portfolio that Dave noted earlier. In 2021, we released over 50% of the pandemic-related reserves on performing loans built in 2020. Releases this quarter were primarily in our commercial, personal lending and cards portfolios in Canadian Banking, reflecting further improvements in our macroeconomic outlook and the credit quality of those specific portfolios. Allowances for these portfolios do remain above clinic levels, given ongoing headwinds that I will touch on later in remarks. Turning to slide 24. Our gross impaired loans of $2.3 billion were down $253 million or 4 basis points during the quarter. Impaired loan balances decreased across all our major businesses and new formations of $298 million remained close to the nine-year low set last quarter. In Canadian Banking, we had modest increases in new formations during the quarter, with increases in the unsecured personal lending and small business portfolios. In Capital Markets, new formations were limited to just $7 million as clients continue to benefit from favorable market conditions. Turning to slide 25. PCL on impaired loans of $137 million or 7 basis points was down by 1 basis point and declined for a sixth consecutive quarter. The low level of provisions throughout 2021 reflect the quality of our client base, our prudent underwriting practices, the economic recovery underway and the impact of government support programs on delinquencies and impairments. In the Canadian Banking retail portfolio, PCL on impaired loans was down $12 million quarter-over-quarter due primarily to lower write-offs on credit cards. During the year, the…

[Operator Instructions] Our first question is from John Aiken from Barclays. Please go ahead.

Good morning. I wanted to start off on Capital Markets. Derek, we saw an exceptionally strong year. But, as the second half evolved, we saw revenues trailing off a little bit. And the revenues in the quarter were one of the lowest over the last eight quarters. Was there anything in the quarter you’d highlight as unusual, either positive or negative? And is this a run rate you’re looking for in terms of 2022, or can we get the revenues a little bit higher from here?

Sure. Thank you for the question. I think I’ll address it in two parts. First, looking at Q4, I think overall, it was -- we feel it was a solid quarter. As Nadine reviewed, we had very strong activity on the Investment Banking side, both in M&A and in loan syndications. And we see that level of activity continuing, and our pipeline heading into next year continues to feel very healthy. Obviously, the one area where we saw a slowdown in revenue was in the markets business. And I would say that there are a couple of things driving that. One is just the ongoing normalization we’ve seen in client activity and volatility that we saw in markets in Q4. Now, that’s obviously picked up as we’ve come into the fall again. But, it was a little more tepid as we went through the summer. Second, when you’re comparing over the last eight quarters, recall, obviously, Q4 tends to be seasonally slower, just given August and the summertime lull in activity that we tend to see. So, we certainly would not look at Q4 as indicative of where we see normalized quarters going. I think, the third item I would say is, we were quite careful managing risk coming into the fall. It was uncertain on what COVID and dynamics would bring as kids return to schools and communities continue to reopen. So, I think we came in with a cautious risk mindset, and you saw that in some of our VAR metrics and no trading losses in the quarter. Obviously, the return in the fall turned out to be pretty smooth and markets stayed very, very robust. And so, in hindsight, where we’re a little cautious on risk, possible, but I think it was probably a prudent way to approach it given what we were facing at the time. If I then turn to the outlook going forward, we do, as we’ve communicated, see normalization in markets, but we think that our run rate will settle above pre-pandemic levels. And if I look at pretax pre-provision earnings, pre-pandemic, we were generally running in the $800 million to $850 million a quarter range as we saw the elevated client activity throughout the pandemic that was more in the $1.1 billion to $1.2 billion range. And as Nadine highlighted, we’ve now had eight consecutive quarters over $1 billion. Importantly, that does include the first quarter of 2020, which was before the impact of the pandemic, which is our first quarter through that $1 billion mark. And so, that is certainly an area we’re focused on. And while we see things normalizing, our objective would be to try to keep that run rate above the $1 billion level in terms of pretax pre-provision.

Our following question is from Ebrahim Poonawala from Bank of America. Please go ahead.

I guess, just a question, Dave. As we think about capital allocation, I think that’s going to be a big deal in terms of just some of the decisions you will be making. Talk to us in terms of when we think about the CET1 north of 13.5%, beyond funding for organic growth, the announcements you made this morning. How do you think about inorganic growth? Last quarter, you talked about strategic partnership for asset generation. I would love to hear your thoughts around asset management, wealth management, distribution there might be opportunities there where you could deploy some of this excess capital?

Yes. I think you covered part of my answer in your question. So, you’re on all the right themes. But I think one of the things we’re trying to highlight in our comments this morning is that more capital-intensive, higher-return growth opportunities are starting to present themselves in credit cards and commercial lending in Canada. Certainly, our mid-market corporate strategy in the U.S. Capital Markets, Corporate Banking we’re looking to put more balance sheet out there. And again, as you said, we have very strong organic capital generation ability that will fund the majority of that, but we do expect to see really good RWA growth as our clients start using their balance sheet and our balance sheet to a greater degree. That’s -- obviously the primary use is organic growth. As far as inorganic, to your question, you’re starting to see a number of our ventures take flight. We highlighted two more ventures to you today, Dr. Bill, partly through inorganic acquisition looking to build out the health care vertical. It’s been with the partnership with the College of Physicians. It’s been a fantastic partnership, up 28%, as you heard. So, we’re going to look to continue to build out that vertical. We introduced Mydoh today which is in the family finance vertical, incredibly exciting opportunity. You see some of the similar capabilities in the U.S., would there be an opportunity there to kind of build out that early-stage client pipeline and to bring clients into the organization in very different ways than we have historically. So, again, as part of future proofing the organization, we are looking to make acquisitions in those verticals in addition to the small business vertical that we’ve talked about, the mortgage vertical, as we look at OJO and building out our ability to…

Our following question is from Meny Grauman from Scotiabank. Please go ahead.

Graeme, you talked about normalization and PCL ratios back to where they were pre-pandemic. And I just want some clarification there in terms of the timing. Is this, in your mind, a 2023 story where we basically get back to where we were pre-pandemic, is that the right year to think about?

Yes. I think there’s some hesitancy on timing because I think there’s a high degree of uncertainty out there and certainly you can just reflect on the last week and we see kind of the emergence of new variants and kind of the uncertainty associated with monetary policy to remind us of that. I’d say, we’re obviously in exceptionally benign credit environment and it’s manifested itself with incredibly low levels of loan losses. I think last quarter, we were 8 basis points, this quarter 7 basis points. So, having said that, we do see that kind of trending back to more normal levels. It will happen over time. There’s a number of factors that we look at and kind of thinking about the timing, and those will hit different portfolios at varying paces. Some of those factors are certainly around kind of the asset prices and the implications that had on recoveries. And on the wholesale side, we’ve seen, I think, I said, three quarters in a row now where we’ve had net recoveries in Capital Markets. Certainly, we don’t see that persisting in the coming quarters. And so that will influence our provisions there and kind of return us back to more normal levels over time there. On the retail side, though, we benefited from strong asset prices more in the housing and auto space. But those will persist for a longer period. And so that will take time for that to kind of revert a normal, and that will be related to kind of the portfolio turning over. Secondly, I think I mentioned government support. Certainly, we’ve assumed that government support has had the degree of suppressing loan losses in the near term. Our debate has really been around degree to which that is mitigated or simply deferred.…

Our following question is from Paul Holden from CIBC. Please go ahead.

I want to ask you a broad question around inflation and related risks. Now, you’ve already addressed sort of your expectation for operating expense growth. And you’ve talked about expectations for Central Bank rate tightening in response to higher inflation. But wondering if there’s any kind of other impacts, whether negative or positive that we should be thinking about in terms of bank earnings in a higher inflationary environment?

I’ll start and then I’ll see if anyone wants to jump in, I think Graeme could add up here. Certainly, an inflationary environment helps our asset growth helps the economy grow, right? So you think about asset inflation, if it’s healthy and under a normalized channel, not excessive, then you don’t build a bubble and that can be supportive of overall balance sheet growth and profitability growth from that perspective. Where you start to worry is when you start to see excess asset growth in a certain area, and that inflationary impact has to be watched in a number of asset classes. And then, you worry about it from, obviously, your customers’ cost management and their margins and their ability to maintain healthy kind of debt coverage ratio. So, we worry about it from a risk perspective. Maybe Graeme will touch on that. So, this is positive and negative, and that’s why as a bank, you have to watch these things carefully, and on the asset and CPIs and what impact they’re having. And we’ll get a look into that increasingly with the quarterly numbers that we see from our clients in their income statements and balance sheet. So, off the top of my head, those are two areas that we certainly talk about as a team. Graeme, did you want to jump in on that?

Yes. I think the inflationary kind of ranges where we’re entertaining right now, I think that’s a net positive for the bank overall. I mean, so while -- we’ll see kind of enhancements and improvements to our revenue, those will be attended with higher credit costs that come with that kind of in relation to what I referred to earlier. And again, it’s going to affect different portfolios in different ways. You look at, say, our small business and commercial clients. They’re more price takers than price makers. They’re going to have less supplier flexibility. And so, they’re going to see a higher implication towards our credit costs, and that’s kind of referring back to the comments I made earlier around our forecast going forward. This will ultimately translate into higher interest rates as well. But as I said, that won’t take a much longer time to really translate into our credit costs. When you look at our fixed rate portfolio, it’s going to -- those late rates are locked in and it will be when we get to those points of refinancing. And those are kind of more measured in years than they are in months and quarters in terms of the implications there. So different portfolios will -- we’ll see that and absorb that in different ways. The corporate portfolio was probably more resilient again because, again, they have a better ability to pass on their inflationary costs, more resiliency in their operations. So, we look at those implications in different portfolios across the board. But overall, it will over time contribute to the rising kind of loan loss costs.

And then just quickly, can you tell us what your inflation range expectations are?

Well, I think we have a number of scenarios that we analyze. And each of those scenarios is going to have slightly different assumptions embedded in it. We look at the different ranges for kind of purposes and capital resiliency. So, I’m not sure there’s a single answer we’d give you on that, but really to look at a wide range as we think about both capital and earnings on that front.

Thank you. The following question is from Doug Young from Desjardins Capital Markets. Please go ahead.

Just looking at the Wealth Management division, I mean, pretax pre-provision earnings got up 3%, if I exclude the legal provision. It doesn’t really match with what we’re seeing in the asset growth. And I guess my question is, is there any other unusual items? And guess where I’m going is I know there are several segments in here, Canadian Asset Management, Wealth Management, CNB. I’m just hoping you can provide maybe some perspective on what you’re seeing pretax pre-provision wise, because I think there’s probably some good news stories in the asset management side that may be overshadowed by some just near-term pressure in CNB, City National Bank? And I guess, this isn’t maybe a question, but a statement. It would be helpful to have City National Bank removed from the Wealth division because I do think sometimes it clouds it out. So, I was just hoping to get some color on that.

Thanks. It’s Nadine. I’ll start. And thanks for your advice on the segmentation. I appreciate that. Just as to the U.S., I’ll start with U.S. Wealth Management. And you’re right, there are a couple of elements in there. And so, we spoke about the strength on the Wealth Management side, particularly in Canada and the U.S. with the high growth in the AUA. So, there -- obviously, with that business, you do have the variable compensation that scales with it. So, very strong margin there, and we have been adding a lot of advisors in order to generate that growth on the AUA side. So, I would say, that’s still a strong momentum in that business going forward from a PPPT perspective. When you look at City National, we spoke a bit around the margin compression that we saw. But if you look at what some of the drivers were related to that, the PPP loans, in particular, which we expect that to taper off going into next year. So, that will no longer be a headwind. And then as we look at the mix, we’ve seen a lot of strong asset generation, but the deposit level has still been quite high. And so, that loan-to-deposit mix ratio has put some pressure on margins. But then, as we start to see rates increase extensively next year, you’ll start to see that margin expansion as it relates to City National. On the cost base there, we have grown that bank a lot, and so we do have to invest in our infrastructure in order to support that. That’s why you’re seeing a bit more of the uptick in costs as it relates to the City National platform outside of the provision. I would say, going forward, though, given the expectation around some of those changes as it relates to the stabilization of the NIM that we do expect strong operating leverage overall in that business segment. Maybe I’ll turn it over to Doug, if you want to speak about the...

Yes, sure. I think the hypothesis on the question is a very good one. So, if you looked at the core Canadian larger franchises of Global Asset Management and Wealth Management Canada, a couple of things that are probably not obvious. So, there are some compensation true-ups in the quarter. That’s a good news fact and that while we didn’t get the accruals right throughout the year, those are performance-based or profitability-based compensation programs. So, that’s not a normalized run rate. There’s seed capital like quarter-over-quarter was a little bit lower than the prior quarter, but they’re, again, not fundamental to the success of the business. So, you’re right. The big franchises that drive the bulk of the earnings in the non-U.S. part of the segment are very healthy and fundamentally very strong.

A following question is from Gabriel Dechaine from National Bank Financial. Please go ahead.

Just a follow-up for Derek on the Capital Markets outlook. I guess, some of the indications there, but do you think earnings growth and PPPT growth in your segment can be positive in the coming year? And then a separate question, Dave, Nadine. Well, Dave, in your opening remarks, you talked about paying $6 billion of taxes in this past fiscal year makes me think about the liberal proposal to introduce the surtax on banks on the Canadian earnings presumably. Have you done any work to quantify the impact of that proposal? Thanks.

So, I’ll let Derek go first, and I’ll follow on with the tax question.

Sure. Good question. Not an easy one to answer in terms of the outlook on client activity. I guess, the way I would approach it is, obviously, 2020 was a very strong year for us, given elevated client activity, and coming into 2021, we had expected there’d be some normalization of that activity. It probably didn’t normalize as much as we feared and so we had a constructive backdrop for this year, and you saw that result in a 3% growth in revenue and 5% growth in pretax pre-provision for 2021 off of what was a prior high watermark in 2020. So, notwithstanding some expectation of normalization, we did manage to drive strong revenue, pretax pre-provision growth and then obviously, a very strong NIAT on the back of the PCL recovery. So, I think as we now look forward to 2022, it’s a little bit of a similar situation. Client activity on both the Investment Banking, Corporate Banking side as well as in market still continues to be very healthy. We see that continuing right now. And against that backdrop, I think we feel quite good about our pipeline and level of activity. But what’s obviously difficult to predict is particularly building off of some of Graeme’s points as we see dynamics around variance and changes in monetary policy and inflationary pressures and how policymakers may react to that, it’s difficult to predict what the Capital Markets environment will look like for the full year. So certainly, our objective is to continue to drive growth, but it will be somewhat dependent on the market backdrop and level of client volumes.

Are expenses a lever, though, but you can’t pull because you would have -- I mean, a lot of investment banks would have expanded staffing levels in the past year or two?

Yes. Certainly, cost is something we’ll continue to keep a close eye on. And a large component of our costs are compensation, which are linked to performance of the business. So, that does give us a natural lever that if, for some reason, activity slows and revenue slows, there will be an offset in compensation expenses. More broadly, we are still very-focused on broader productivity and efficiency initiatives and two items that we do feel very good about exiting this year. We did manage to bring our -- even though we had great results in 2020, we managed to bring our efficiency ratio down by almost another 100 basis points this year and continue to drive positive operating leverage in 2021. And so, obviously, our clear objective is to drive the client volumes but we will manage our NIE closely to try to ensure we continue to drive strong productivity and positive operating leverage.

And maybe a quick high-level comment on the overall bank tax environment. I think from a macro perspective, the most important thing that we have to think about as a country is we need to attract capital. We need to attract capital domestically, and we need to attract capital from foreign direct investment. We’re going through an enormous transition of our economy, supply chain transition, climate transition journey where we’re going to need up to $2 trillion and therefore, creating an environment that attracts capital and where the rules around the economics are certain for a longer period of time is really important. And I think when you start proposing taxes right now, in this narrow way, kind of a real detriment to the overall investment thesis for Canada. So for the first reason there, we’re obviously articulating that perspective. That’s really important for Canada to think about long-term investment in our country. And a second is a tax on banks, a unique tax like that means less capital for small business, less capital for investment in our clients. As you know, we retain roughly 45% -- we pay out 45% of our income, and we reinvest the other 55% mostly in this country and in North America and North American supply chain. Therefore, that just means less capital to reinvest. So, I think from those perspectives, now is not the time to look at these types of policies. We need to rein in our spending. We need to think about inflation. And we need to make sure we attract the future generation of supply chain and manufacturing and investment in climate to this country.

I hear you, but I tend to agree with everything you say, but there may actually be a tax that’s imposed nonetheless. Is there a view evaluated...

I don’t have any details on it.

Yes. I would just say that we’re still working out some of the details but nothing has been announced as yet. So, a little difficult for us to comment on an impact until we get more information on it.

Understood. Thanks.

A following question is from Mario Mendonca from TD Securities. Please go ahead.

Graeme, can we go back to a comment, I believe you made in Q3 ‘21. I think you suggested that PCLs -- the impaired loan PCLs ratio in 2022 might, in fact, be higher than the long-term averages. And I think a few of us observed that that seemed a little bit high. And again, I’m getting the sense from this call that you’re now suggesting that it might be below long-term averages. First of all, have I characterized that correctly? And secondly, can you talk about that change [Technical Difficulty].

Yes. Thanks, Mario. And I think you go back, I think when we were making those comments, we were referencing to at peak points, in a certain quarter, not certainly on an annual aggregate, right? And so, there’s -- a part of the context is that. And I think, then that kind of leads into this quarter in my earlier comments, right, which I said, I think as we’ve gotten further into the recovery, as we’ve seen that government support continue to extend, as we’ve seen more clients bridge to kind of reemployment and bridge the reopening of the economy, again, those all factor into our comfort and confidence that more of those loan losses that we think had been suppressed actually have been mitigated and not just simply deferred to a later date. Again, there’s a lot of uncertainty out there. And so, as in my comments earlier, the timing on kind of when we’re going to get back to those more normalized levels is still uncertain. And it’s going to vary by portfolio. And I kind of went through the factors as to how the retail portfolios will be impacted by different factors in some of our wholesale portfolios. And some of these effects will take longer to kick in, such as rising interest rates. But that’s just to give you a little bit more color, I think, on kind of how we’re thinking about it in our commentary now this quarter versus the comments we provided last quarter.

So, to make sure I understand the comments you’re providing this quarter then, you’re suggesting that in 2022, the impaired loan ratio will probably be a little lower than what we’ve seen in prior years or long-term averages, and that perhaps by 2023, it starts to normalize. Is that -- have I characterized you correctly there?

I think that’s roughly fair. And again, just the timing of when we get to that peak is part of the question mark there.

Okay. Nadine, if we go to an expense-type question, I’m looking at the measure that Royal likes to use, and it makes sense, the one where you look at your year-over-year expense growth, excluding variable comp and stock compensation. And that number had been declining fairly consistently year-over-year for some time now. And I imagine some of that was COVID related. And then, this quarter, of course, it sort of moves higher and materially so. Can you talk about what was it about this quarter that caused that measure to really reverse course? It had been trending down and it really reverses course, specifically in Q4. Can you speak to that?

Thank you, Mario. In terms of a couple of things I would comment on, we mentioned in my remarks around the marketing costs, and part of that would be seasonal. But part of that also is just from a Canadian banking perspective, really starting to ramp up on our marketing, as you would have seen probably through the summer and into the fall. In addition to that, we have seen -- we have been increasing our headcount overall as that starts to pull through in terms of a run rate. So that is something as we talk about the growth we’ve been generating around our strong volumes. That was a bit of an inflation pressure. But going forward, we also see that we will have continued growth on the top line in order to support that increase in staff costs. In terms of technology as well, this is one area that we continue to invest. We’ve been investing through the pandemic. I would say that what we’re focusing on going forward, really around those optimization and the productivity and efficiency gains that I spoke to is how can we continue to make sure that we’re finding opportunities to invest in our big franchises going forward and create that capacity with reductions in other areas that we can find some efficiency and productivity gains. So a bit of it, Mario, just in terms of some of it was seasonality. But also, we are seeing that just some of the increase as it relates to some of our growth initiatives. But as I mentioned, with our low single-digit guidance, still we’re looking to advance that into next year.

Perhaps you -- maybe you may have answered that, and I may have missed it.

Yes. So, our guidance is still in low single digits with potential with the inflation pressures moving it up a bit on the low single side.

But positive operating leverage. Is that fair?

Correct. Yes.

Our following question is from Sohrab Movahedi from BMO.

Thank you. I appreciate -- we’ve gone over the hour. So, I appreciate you taking the call. Maybe just can I start there, Nadine, for a second? So, call it around 4%, let’s just say, expense growth, including inflation. You’ve talked about the positive operating leverage, and a number of times, I think you made reference to higher rates. Can you tell us what is assumed in your budgeting process as far as rate increases next year?

Sohrab, we’ve looked at it, we would have done it earlier in the fall. It would include probably two rates in Canada, which would have been probably mid-year and then towards the end of the year. And in the U.S., we didn’t anticipate any rate hikes.

So, just -- so that would be the basis of the assumption when you’re talking about positive operating leverage, for example, as far as the impact on your margins and spreads?

Correct.

Okay. And then if I can just clarify one thing with Neil. Neil, mortgage growth. Can you talk to us a little bit about what mortgage spreads were like during the quarter, maybe throughout the quarter compared to prior periods?

Yes. Thanks for the question. You probably have a sense. I mean, exceptionally strong volume across the industry, record amount of originations in our business, and with that really strong market and all that demand, increased price pressure from competition. So, it’s been a very tight market. I think, we’ve talked in the past. We haven’t let on price. We just basically have a strategy. We know we have to be competitive and make sure we’re providing good value for our clients. But without a doubt, there’s been price pressure in the mortgage business.

And can you quantify some of that for us? Like, how were spreads this quarter versus prior quarters, or any point of reference?

Yes. I mean, I would say in terms of overall in the portfolio, we’ve seen them come off a little bit, but they do bleed in over time. So, as originations in Q4, they were, I’d say the tightest we saw all year. But, in terms of the total portfolio, that’s one quarter’s worth of originations and it will bleed into the portfolio and impact the entire of the book over time.

I appreciate that. And if I can just have one last question. If I look historically at the total bank level, your RWA growth has been, call it, mid-single-digits, sometimes 6%, sometimes 3%. But let’s call it in that 4% to 5%. This year was obviously on a full year basis lower, although you had some growth in the fourth quarter. If I think about next year, are you -- can you give us any guidance as to how you expect given the business plans that you have, how that RWA is going to trend? Is it going to revert back to that mid-single digit, or could there be a year of catch-up where it could be more like 10%, given that you hardly had any growth this year?

Yes. I think it would revert back higher than average, Sohrab. I mean, I think we also had the benefit this year of some of the parameter changes, particularly around the Capital Markets business, which would have muted some of the growth trajectory. But, I think as Dave mentioned, the growth in our commercial loan book as well as in City National has the opportunity for that to be maybe higher than the regular previous run rate we saw this year.

We’re going to stay on a bit longer because I think we have a couple of more people in the queue and pretty more. So, we’re going to keep going. Stay with us.

A following question is from Scott Chan from Canaccord Genuity. Please go ahead.

Maybe a bigger picture outlook. We kind of think about the Canada and the U.S. and your P&C franchises, U.S being City National. What do you think the better region is in terms of the outlook over the next few years and potentially related to P2P growth would be helpful? Thanks.

Well, better, I mean still -- Canada is 70% of our earnings. So, it’s important that Canada delivers for us strong growth. So, it’s hard to say better. But I would say, when I look at the City National U.S. wealth franchise, we had in the first kind of 4 or 5 years of City National, we had a great run, higher rates helped us. We’ve tripled the size of that bank. We’ve seen more muted growth in the last, as you’ve noticed in the last four to six quarters because we’re replatforming City National for the next phase of growth. We tripled that bank to an $80 billion balance sheet right now. And for us to continue to grow at rates well above the industry, we need to replatform from a customer perspective and from an operational efficiency perspective. So, I am very excited about the U.S. growth opportunity from PPPT because of the higher rates that Nadine referenced, but have a significant impact on us. You just can’t underestimate how asset sensitive this bank is, but also from a greater efficiency perspective, as we replatform City National, we’re looking for greater efficiency. And we’ve grown this bank on the top of a $20 billion bank platform. And now as we replatform this thing into an $80 billion to plus $150 billion bank is going to have to be -- grow more efficiently and more effective. So, I’m very excited about the dual opportunity of revenue growth and better bottom line growth there. At the same time, when you look at venture you’re starting to kick in, you look at the momentum we have in our Canadian Banking franchise, the good -- if you look at our quarter-over-quarter growth is still very strong. We’re exiting the year with really…

And Dave, you talked about stabilized margins. When do you think that will happen? It seems that that theme of quarter-to-quarter stabilization really hasn’t come and your quarter-over-quarter decline was probably a bit more than expectations.

Yes, and on our forecast, too. So yes, we do feel good about it. And Nadine’s going to jump in on kind of why we’re more confident of the stabilization time frame.

Yes. Maybe I’ll just speak first to Canada to give you some perspective. So, in terms of -- you’re right, we saw the decrease this quarter. There were a few one-offs, I would say, that we highlighted. But, if we look at what’s been happening with some of the rate increase that we’ve seen, in particular for Canadian Banking and it’s come in the long end, we look at the two and five-year rates. We see that that will start to price through. That takes a bit of time in terms of how it averages in against our deposit book. And then, as we also start to see some of the expansion into some of the commercial mortgage or as we start to see the revolve rates tick up in the credit card book, that will be positive. When I say stabilized, is thinking about some of the headwinds that we’ve seen that relates to the mix around the mortgage book and then at a lower spread as well as some of the tailwinds we saw this year on the mortgage prepayments. So, as those rates start to rise, you will see less of that revenue coming through from prepayments. That’s where the stabilization really comes in. So, the benefits we’ll have some of those onetime items are going to come back. And then, in addition, as rates start to price through, that’s when you’re going to see the lift.

Our following question is from Lemar Persaud from Cormak Securities. Please go ahead.

So, Graeme, this one is probably for you. I’m wondering if we could go to slide 23 and talk about the outlook for the ACL [Technical Difficulty] at the of Q1 [Technical Difficulty] 53 basis points. And now you’re sitting at 60 basis. So, would it be fair to suggest that releases moving forward will normalize a big way heading into 2022, or is the bank comfortable letting that ratio trend below 53 basis points? Any comments there would be helpful.

Yes, sure. I mean -- so I mean, -- I don’t think there’s such a thing as a steady state in your performing ACL. The ACL is meant to be a reflection of kind of the macroeconomic forecast that you have at any given point in time and the uncertainty around that, right? And so, those are the two factors that always go into it that we have to reassess each and every quarter. So, to put a forecast out there on a forecast is a bit of a difficult exercise right now. I think, as we look out over 2022 that assuming that we continue to progress through the macroeconomic kind of strength we see right now, assuming we see some of this uncertainty come down, that, yes, we would see that’s potentially drawing down further. But the reason it’s still at the level that it is we’re in a macroeconomic environment that’s really strong right now that would indicate we should be at lower levels of ACL, but there is a high degree of uncertainty still in this environment. And those are some of the factors I referenced earlier. So, as we progressed here, we’ve gotten more confident in bringing some of the reserves down from prior years. But, I wouldn’t say there is a steady state there. But certainly, as we look forward into 2022 and we continue to progress as we expect and some of the uncertainty kind of reduces around us, but yes, we would expect that that can come down further.

So, is the 53 basis points not appropriate to use as the low end of what that could go down to, like it could go down lower than 53?

Again, there’s no steady state there, and it’s going to really be dependent on the environment we’re in at any given quarter. I can’t give you a fixed number that we kind of -- we end up at any given time.

Our last question is from Nigel D’Souza from Veritas Investment Research. Please go ahead. Nigel D’Souza: I wanted to circle back on an earlier comment. You mentioned that you have conducted testing for the impact of higher rates on potential credit risk. And I was wondering if you could flesh that out and give us some color on the type of scenarios you were testing for the timing and pace of interest rate increases and how you thought about that impact in relation to credit expansion?

Yes. So, we do a lot of different scenario analysis and stress testing for different purposes, right? And so at the most granular level, we do that as part of our origination practices when we’re originating a new residential mortgage or we’re originating commercial mortgage. Some of that’s quite prescriptive in the residential mortgage space, where B20 has us looking at clients’ capacity to service debt for a plus 200 basis-point increase in interest rates, similar in the commercial real estate side. Then certainly, we also then obviously do as much more at the portfolio level. And so, whether it’s our determining our loan loss provisions and our ACL, again, we don’t have a single scenario there. We have certainly a baseline exercise, and Nadine referenced some of the assumptions there that go into our baseline. But then we look at a range of, I think we’ve evolved about five different scenarios that we look at that kind of describe different interest rate environments, some more moderate increases, some more severe likewise. And then, we also contemplate much more implausible environments that really go into our stress testing program. We’re really kind of making sure we continue to have the right level of capital adequacy in place and we do those exercises. Across the bank, we do those in conjunction with our regulators as well. So, again, some of the earlier comments on inflation, there isn’t that kind of a fixed single scenario that we kind of lock in on. But we look at a range, we weight those different ranges appropriately, and then that all factors in to how we determine the ACL as an example that we do. Nigel D’Souza: Okay. That’s helpful. And if I could just wrap up on a comment earlier on inflation. I think, you mentioned when you look at asset growth, you want to look at healthy asset price appreciation versus excess asset price appreciation. Could you provide some context on how you look at the recent price depreciation for Canadian real estate? Is that one where you view it as excessive and there’s concern for broader economic or better risk implications? How do you think about it?

Yes. Thanks for the question. It’s Neil. I’ll start just in terms of what we see in terms of housing as we move on to the market in relation to the mortgage book. And I mean, I think you’ve seen it over time. Obviously, the biggest driver of what we’re seeing in terms of HPI in some of the biggest markets, Toronto, Vancouver and more lately markets like Ottawa, really moving up into strong double digits. Rate is the biggest factor. So, affordability and consumers being able to just go through the metrics that Graeme laid out and carry those payments. That’s the biggest driver. I think, in terms of on the go-forward view, we would say immigration has been almost completely turned off. That’s a demand that we haven’t seen in the housing market. We would expect that to provide some offsetting demand as we expect to see the rates come up on the timing that Nadine laid out. So, I think those are the factors. If we look at over time where we’ve seen different levers pulled. For example, on the regulatory front, whether it’s in British Columbia or Toronto, we have seen, I’d say, sort of moderate corrections in those markets and then subsequently over, let’s say, the next 18 months, those home prices have come back. So, I think those are the factors we would look at. I think, Graeme laid out fairly well in terms of the confidence we have in the underwriting and the stress testing we do to make sure that whether it’s on an LTV or there it’s just in terms of a repricing of that debt that the consumer and/or a commercial customer can manage it. So, that’s -- I think the primary lenses we would look through in terms of our loan book. Graeme, do you want to add that?

Yes. I think our risk approach to the mortgage book is to make sure we are very consistent in our approach through the cycle. We’re not using risk as a lever to drive growth here. I would just remind everyone that like we have -- our focus in terms of our client base is a very high-quality prime client base. We’re not engaged in the subprime space. Our product set is, again, very focused on first lien products and it’s very resilient. I mean we talked about the stress testing around interest rates to make sure our clients can be resilient for a higher rate environment. We have a risk-based approach to our loan-to-value ratio. So again, it’s a very prudent approach that allows us to be consistent in our engagement with clients and manage through a cycle very effectively.

Thank you. We have no further questions registered at this time. I would now like to turn the meeting back over to Mr. McKay.

Thanks everyone for questions. We covered a lot of ground today. I think, in my takeaways in summary, I kind of covered a lot of it and one of the questions I took. But overall, I think the takeaways are really strong client activity and growth market share gains across Canadian Banking, Canadian Wealth, Capital Markets, City National, U.S. Wealth, U.S. Capital Markets, very strong momentum. You saw the momentum in the quarter-over-quarter numbers, which positions us well. And our disappointment also was that we didn’t drive as much to the bottom line as we would normally with that type of volume. We walked through kind of the margin impacts and trying to price mortgages in a rising rate environment as was called that was a little trickier and a number of one-offs this quarter on the margin side, expenses a bit elevated, some onetimes in there. And therefore, as we look forward, our degree of control. We plan for a rate environment that to a great question I think Sohrab, plan for a rate environment that was less tightening. And therefore, there’s upside opportunity to our own forecast. So, we’re confident in our operating leverage going forward and the momentum we have in the business. So, thanks for your questions, all great questions. And wish everyone a good holiday season and look forward to seeing you in the New Year. Thanks very much.

Thank you. The conference has now ended. Please disconnect your lines at this time. And we thank you for your participation.